marine science final

Phylum of corals

Cnidarians

Coral reefs are made of

calcium carbonate or limestone

Special characteristic of cnidarians

stinging cells on tentacles

Name of stinging cells

nematocyst

Reef‑building coral terms

hermatypic, scleractinian, stony, true, hard

Nearly all reef‑building corals contain

zooxanthellae

Non‑reef‑building soft corals

ahermatypic

Coral life cycle

planula, polyp, colony, reef

Polyps share

nervous system and digestive connections

Calyx

hole where polyp sits

Corals eat

zooplankton and detritus

Mesenterial filaments

spit guts out and digest outside body

Corals produce ___ to trap food

mucus

Coralline algae

cement of reef; produces calcium carbonate

Coral reefs found on

continental shelves, islands, seamounts

Coral colony comes from

one planula

Coral temperature range

20

Coral bleaching

expulsion of zooxanthellae

Why corals turn white

zooxanthellae give color and food

Coral salinity

35 ppt

Stenohaline

narrow salinity tolerance

Sessile

doesn’t move

Eutrophication

accelerated algae growth from nutrients

Causes of eutrophication

fertilizer and sewage

Corals prefer

low‑nutrient environments

Budding

polyp divides into two

Fragmentation

piece breaks off and reattaches

Broadcast spawning

eggs and sperm released into water

Brooding

sperm released; fertilization inside female

Asexual reproduction results in

identical offspring

Sexual reproduction results in

variable offspring

Gametes

eggs and sperm

Hermaphrodites release

egg‑sperm bundles

Phenotypic plasticity

traits change with environment

Branching coral

forked, shallow water

Massive coral

round, sturdy

Columnar coral

upright, grows toward sun

Foliaceous coral

leaf‑like

Plate/table coral

flat, maximize sunlight

Encrusting coral

grows over hard substrate

Free‑living coral

single polyp

Most common Hawaiian reef

fringing

Most common PMNM reef

atoll

Patch reef

circular reef (Kāneʻohe Bay)

Anthropogenic stressors

human‑caused stress

Key/cay

wave‑built sand island

Atolls form when

volcanic island sinks

Plankton

drifters; can’t swim against currents

Nekton

strong swimmers

Phytoplankton

plant‑like

Zooplankton

animal‑like

Meroplankton

planktonic part of life

Holoplankton

planktonic whole life

Plankton tow

net used to collect plankton

Limu =

macroalgae

Algae classified by

photosynthetic pigments

Entire seaweed body

thallus

Blades

leaf‑like

Stipe

stem‑like

Holdfast

root‑like (not true roots)

Pneumatocyst

gas bladder for buoyancy

Study of algae

phycology

All photosynthetic organisms have

chlorophyll a

Chlorophyta color

green

Phaeophyta color

brown

Rhodophyta color

red

Chlorophyta pigments

chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids

Phaeophyta pigments

chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin

Rhodophyta pigments

chlorophyll a, phycobilins

Chlorophyta are

ancestors of land plants

Largest phaeophyta

kelp (300 ft)

Famous rhodophyta

porphyra (nori)

Rhodophyta used in

algaculture

Challenge in invasive algae removal

fragmentation reproduction

Algin

emulsifier (brown algae)

Carrageenan

thickener (red algae)

Agar

grows microbes; filler; protects canned meats (red algae)

Invertebrates

animals without backbone

Percent of animals that are invertebrates

97%

Radial symmetry

round, radiating

Bilateral symmetry

left/right halves

Asymmetrical

no symmetry

Sponges lack

true tissues and organs

Sponge symmetry

asymmetrical

Sponge feeding

water in ostia, collar cells trap food, out osculum

Choanocytes

collar cells

Flagella

create water current

Osculum

exit opening

Spicules

structural support

spg Asexual reproduction

budding /fragmentation

spg Sexual reproduction

sperm released only

Two cnidarian forms

medusa and polyp

Hydrozoans

tiny polyps

Scyphozoans

true jellies

Jelly movement

rhythmic bell contractions

Two tissue layers

epidermis and gastrodermis

Mesoglea

jelly layer

Most cnidarians

anthozoans

Anthozoans

coral, anemones, sea fans

Cnidocyte

stinging cell