AP BIO- unit 4

stimulate

to turn something on or activate it

inhibit

to turn something off or down

negative feedback

the output of a biological system results i a product that turns off the system

positive feedback

the output of a biological system results in a product that further activates the system

induce

to start

Cell Signaling

Reception

a ligand binding to a receptor. The receptor changes shape in some way.

Cell Signaling

Transduction

the inital signal being changrd into a from the cell can respond to and involves a cascade of many molecules being created or activated.

Cell Signaling

Response

the action the cell takes at the end, like opening an ion channel, activating a specific enzyme or turning on/off a gene

Insulin and glucagon are…

the two main hormones that regulate the amount of glucose in our blood. both are made by the pancreas.

insulin lowers blood sugar by…

increasing glucose uptake in cells

glucagon raises blood sugar by…

stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.

Type 1 Diabetes

its genetic and is an inability to make insulin or enough of it. they use insulin to manage it.

Type 2 Diabetes

an inability to properly respond to insulin

Neuron Communication

The presynaptic neuron is…

before the synapse

Neuron Communication

The postsynaptic neuron is…

after the synapse

Neuron Communication

Synapse

The space between 2 neurons

Neuron Communication

The sodium potassium pump maintains _____ ____ in excitable cells.

resting potential

Neuron Communication

Action Potential

created when ion channels that allow Na+ and K+ to move down their gradients open.

Neuron Communication

resting potential

Na+ OUT, K+ IN

Neuron Communication

action potential

Na+ IN, K+ OUT

Neuron Communication

depolarization

more positive inside the cell than outside the cell

Neuron Communication

impulse

an electrical signal in your body

Cell Cycle regulation + cancer

humoral immune response

B-cells making antibodies

Cell Cycle regulation + cancer

cellular immune response

T cells directly destroying pathogens

metabolic pathway

a series of enzyme controlled chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

Autocrine signals

affect the same cells that release them

Paracrine signals

diffuse to and affect nearby cells.

Juxtacrine signaling

requires direct contact between the signaling and responding cell, and usually involves interaction between signaling molecules bound to the surfaces of the two cells

Endocrine signaling (Hormones)

signals that travel through the circulatory systems of animals or the vascular system of plants to reach receptors on distant cells.

Cell membrane receptors

binds to water-soluble ligands at the cell surface.

Intracellular receptors

binds to fat soluble ligand in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Ion channel receptors

a ligand-gated channel for ions is simply an ion transport channel that requires a ligand to bind with it in order to open and allow the ion through

Protein kinase receptors

 these protein receptors change shape upon ligand binding

G protein-linked receptors

ligand binding on the extracellular side of these transmembrane proteins exposes a site on the cytoplasmic side that can bind to a mobile membrane protein called a G protein.

G proteins

partially inserted into the lipid bilayer and partially exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the bilayer.

Endocrine System

A network of glands and hormones they produce. Controls our growth and development.

Endocrine System

messenger

Hormones (protein or lipid molecules)

Endocrine System

how does the message travel

The bloodstream

Endocrine System

where does the message go

Everywhere the blood goes. (whole body)

Endocrine System

what cells receive their signal

Target cells that have the right receptors for that hormone.

Nervous System

Coordinates movement and the senses.

Also controls the endocrine system.

Nervous System

messenger

impulses

Nervous System

how does the cell travel

along neurons

Nervous System

where does the message go

From one place to another, it does not go everywhere

Nervous System

what cells receive the message

Neurons communicate with other neurons directly next to them, or with a gland or muscle (effector cells).

With input into the brain, the brain receives the message.

Sensory neurons

detect stimuli and send an impulse to the spinal cord

Interneurons

transmit impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

Motor neurons

transmit signals to effectors, such as muscle cells or glands

skeletal muscle

attached to tendons and responsible for the movement of bones.

Cardiac muscle

makes up the tissues of the heart and is responsible for pumping blood.

Smooth muscle

lines organs and is responsible for internal movements