AP Gov - Unit 1 Pt. 2

Sherri Scorza Maine South High School AP Government and Politics Unit 1 one flashcards

Federalism

Sharing and division of powers between national gov’t and state/local gov’ts. Blurred line between state and national jurisdiction

Supremacy Clause

National law, treaties, pres. action always trump state authority, but nat’l law limited by enumerated list of powers.

Privileges and Immunities Clause

People are entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in other states. Prevents states from discriminating against citizens from other states

Full Faith and Credit

States must honor law in other states. Must give full faith and credit to records and judicial proceedings of every other state.

Extradition

States have to deliver fugitives back to the state where they committed the original crime

Exclusive Powers

Powers only the fed. gov’t has access to. Ex: national currency

Concurrent Powers

Powers held at all levels of gov’t. Both state and nation levy taxes, define crimes, improve lands. SHARING OF POWERS DEFINES FEDERALISM

Federal Grant Programs

US Gov’t provides $$ to carry out public purposes. Funding is authorized by congress, administered by federal agencies

Revenue Sharing

Type of Fiscal Federalism where central gov’t gives $$ to states with v. little restrictions

Fiscal Federalism

Financial relationship between all levels of gov’t. Congress taxes fed. tax $$ and gives it to states, to use for national concerns

Grants-in-Aid Programs

Financial awards from one gov’t entity to another. Do not have to be repaid. Takes care of basic state needs

Categorical Grants

Grants with special requirements/guidelines. Most have string attached, state agencies depend on federal grants.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Allowed congress to give outland to encourage states to build colleges

Federal Income Tax Impact

or more stuff and give out moreCaused national money supply to grow exponentially, congress could pay for more stuff and give out more money

Block Grant

Money for loosely defined reasons, larger sums of money and no strings/limitations, Nixon made them un niche

Fiscal Conservatives

Favored local control of grants, liked Nixon’s plan of mixing state and federal authority. Limited gov’t and lassiez faire capitalism

SD V. Dole

Supreme court ruled congress did have power to set conditions on setting drinking age for states to receive federal dollars for highways

Mandates

Require states to comply, sometimes with money, sometimes w/o. All 3 branches can issue mandates

Devolution

Transfer of power from strong central gov’t to state or local gov’t, often through laws

Enumerated Powers

Limited list of specific powers given to U.S fed gov’t A1S8. Tax, coin money, declare war, reg. commerce, raise armies, etc

Necessary & Proper Clause

Elastic Clause, grants congress power to create laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its explicitly listed powers. Makes it adaptable

Why was N&P Clause in Cons.?

To provide congress w implied powers to make the enumerated powers effective

10th Amendment

Any powers not given to fed. gov’t specifically are reserved for the states OR the people. Ensures fed gov’t only has powers granted to it by consitution

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the US, also guaranteed due process and equal protection

Mcculloch V. Maryland

Fed gov’t has implied powers and supremacy under the N&P clause. Case with the bank and it did not want to pay a state tax, supreme court ruled the state could not tax the bank

Implied Powers

Gov’t authorities not expressly written in the constitution, but understood as necessary to carry out the enumerated powers

Impact of McCulloch

Established implied powers, affirmed federal power supreme over state. States cannot tax fed. institution

Dual Federalism

National gov’t supreme in its sphere, states are supreme in their own sphere. Fed and state gov’ts have separate and distinct powers. New deal shifted away from this

Selective Exclusiveness

Congress may regulate only when commodity requires a national uniform rule

Hammer v. Dagenhart

Supreme Court ruled evils of child labor were under manufacturing, not commerce so they could not regulate

US V. Lopez

Congress does not have authority over commerce clause to outlaw g*ns near schools

Impact of Lopez ruling

First time in 60 yrs that supreme court limited congress power under commerce clause, reinforced dual federalism, the fed gov’t has no jurisdiction over schools

Clean Air Act

Call for improved air quality and less contaminants in air, requires DOT to reduce car exhausts. Shows cooperative federalism. Feds set standards, states implement them`

The Superfund

Industry pays into this as insurance, taxpayers do not pay bill for waste cleanup

Paris Agreement

Cooperative Federalism, international climate agreement

Legalization of Weed

Policy reflects the attitudes of citizens who choose to participate at a given time, balancing between individual liberty and social ordert

Gonzalez v. Raich

Supreme court ruled that the Consitution’s’ commerce clause entitles congress to determine what may be bought and sold

Article 4

Full faith and credit, privilages and immunities

Commerce Clause

grants Congress power to regulate trade between states, foreign nations, and Native American tribes, fostering a national common market by preventing states from imposing trade barriers

Gibbons v. Ogden

Congress, under the Commerce Clause, has broad power to regulate interstate commerce. steamboat monopoly

Heart of Atlanta v. US

Congress's power under the Commerce Clause to ban racial discrimination in public accommodations like hotels

No Child Left Behind

aiming to close achievement gaps by holding schools accountable through annual standardized testing

Obergefell v Hodges

legalized same-sex marriage nationwide

Whiskey Rebellion

violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against a new federal excise tax on whiskey