Praxis II: Social Studies (5004)

House of Burgess

1st legislative assembly in American colonies

Magna Carta

1215; charter of political rights to rebellious English barons from King John

Mayflower Compact

1st written framework of government for United States created by English colonist aboard the Mayflower Ship

Great Awakening

1725-1770; religious revivals of Protestants in colonies

Proclamation of 1763

King George III; prohibited settlers from crossing West over the Appalachian Mountains; attempt to stop conflicts between settlers and Native Americans

Taxation Acts of 1764-1774

1) Sugar Act: increased duties on non-British goods;

2) Currency Act: American colonies were prohibited from issuing their own currency;

3) Quartering Act: required colonies to provide shelter and supplies to British troops;

4) Stamp Act: direct tax on paper products for the colonies to raise money for Britain;

5) Townshend Acts: taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea;

6) Tea Act: reduced tax on imported British tea for unfair selling advantage in America;

7) Coercive Acts: punished Massachusetts after Boston Tea Party with restrictions

13 colonies

Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Caroline and Virginia

Reasons for American Revolution

1) British control was overbearing and made American colonies feel inferior

2) Anglican Church potentially expanded their power over colonies limiting religious freedom

3) Taxation

4) Colonies had no official representation in English Parliament

5) British attempts to block Westward expansion

Events Leading up to American Revolution

1) Sons of Liberty: Samuel Adams led protest group

2) Boston Massacre: 1770; soldiers fired on a crowd

3) Committees of Correspondence: set up through colonies to spread revolutionary ideas

4) The Boston Tea Party: 1773; Sons of Liberty dumped tea into the Boston Harbor from a British ship to protest tax

5) First Continental Congress: 1774; colonies list grievances and develop a plan to boycott

6) The Shot Heard Round the World: 1775; fight ensued between English soldiers and colonial militia (Minutemen)

Turning Points of American Revolution

1) Actions of Second Continental Congress: established Continental Army led by George Washington

2) "Common Sense": written by Thomas Paine in 1776; called for independence

3) Alliance with France: 1778; Benjamin Franklin negotiated an agreement with France to fight with the Americans

4) Treaty of Paris: 1782; signaled the end of the war; granted colonies independence and gave them territorial rights

Declaration of Independence

July 4th, 1776; the document that proclaimed independence of the colonies from Great Britain by the 2nd Continental Congress; written by Thomas Jefferson

Articles of Confederation

1777; the nation's first constitution designed to protect the states' rights over the national government

US Constitution

1789; created the 3 branches with checks and balances and a bicameral legislature for equal representation; Federalists v. Anti-Federalists

Federalist Papers

1787-88; Written by James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton

Basic Principles of the Constitution

1) Popular Sovereignty: people establish government and give power to it; government functions only with consent of the people

2) Limited Government: specifies limits on government authority

3) Separation of Powers: power is divided among 3 government branches

4) Checks and Balances: ensures each branch has the authority and ability to restrain the powers of the other 2 branches to prevent tyranny

5) Judicial Review: established by Marbury v. Madison; the judiciary may evaluate actions/powers of legislature and executive to ensure they are abiding by the Constitution; if unconstitutional the judicial branch can nullify

6) Federalism: division of power between the central government and local governments to limit the power of the Federal government and allows states to deal with local problems

Delegated Powers in the Constitution

Powers granted by the Constitution

1) Expressed/Enumerated: specific

2) Inherent: powers the National governments have historically possessed

3) Implied: not expressly stated; reasonably suggested

4) Reserved: powers that belong to the states

5) Exclusive: reserved to the national government

6) Concurrent: powers that are shared by national and state governments

3 Branches of Government

Executive (President/VP, elected for 4-year terms, enforce laws); Judicial (Supreme Court, appointed by the President and approved by Congress, interpret laws); Legislative (Congress, House of Reps: 2 year terms, Senate: 6 year terms, make the laws)

Federal System

Power is divided between the National and State governments

Bill of Rights

Added to Constitution in 1791; 10 statements of the fundamental rights/freedoms of United States citizens; 27 amendments to the federal Constitution

1st Amendment

Freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly and petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

Protection against quartering soldiers

4th Amendment

Protection against illegal search and seizure

5th Amendment

Right to due process; protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy

6th Amendment

Rights to a speedy trial by jury, to hear accusations and confront the accuser, to witness and to counsel

7th Amendment

Right to trial by jury in civil cases

8th Amendment

Protection against cruel and unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Protects rights not enumerated in the constitution

10th Amendment

Limits the powers of the federal government to those designated in the constitution

Forms of Government

1) Feudalism: rule of local lords who are loyal to the king and control the lives and production of those who work on their land

2) Republic: representative democracy; elected leaders

3) Absolute Monarchy: King or Queen

4) Authoritarianism: individual or group has unlimited authority

5) Dictatorship: those in power are not held responsible to the people

6) Autocracy: rule by 1 person who uses power tyrannically

7) Oligarchy: self-appointed elite rulers

8) Liberal Democracy: government based on consent of the people that protects individual rights and freedoms

9) Totalitarianism: citizens' lives controlled by the government

Powers of Government

1) National: coin money, regulate trade, raise forces, declare war, conduct foreign relations

2) Concurrent: levy and collect taxes, borrow money, establish courts, set punishments

3) State: regulate trade and business in a state, establish public schools, pass license requirements for professionals, establish local governments

Primaries

How a candidate for a political party is selected

1) Open: anyone can vote

2) Closed: only party members can vote for their own candidates

3) Blanket: voters can vote in primaries of both parties; ruled against in 2000

Louisiana Purchase

1803; under the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; Reasons for Purchase: to gain port in New Orleans, remove French threat with trade along Mississippi River and double territory belonging to the United States; brought into question the use of Federal power/constitutionality; Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the lands

War of 1812

France v British; blockades hurt American trade; Jefferson imposed an embargo against France and Britain; British captured Washington, D.C. and burned down the White House; war ended in 1815 with the Treaty of Ghent which negotiated peace with United States; war made America more self-sufficient with fewer ports

Mexican Revolution

1812-1823; fought for independence from Spain and for social justice

National Bank

Alexander Hamilton to Congress; private stockholders and the national government to provide financial stability to US (e.g. loans, funds, credit)

The American Civil War

1861-1865; war fought between the North (the Union) and the South (the Confederacy); fought on the grounds of slavery and states' rights; Gettysburg Address made by Lincoln united the nation

The Reconstruction Era

1865-1877; South was under strict control of the U.S. government; terminated state governments of the former confederacy; amendments were made to rectify the problems caused by slavery

1) 13th Amendment: slavery is illegal

2) 14th Amendment: made all persons born/naturalized in the country US citizens and states couldn't interfere with civil rights

3) 15th Amendment: made it illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on grounds of race

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that separated whites and blacks in public areas so African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, education and government

American Abolition Movement

Radical efforts under the direction of William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator - leading anti-slavery newspaper) that worked to get rid of slavery; created sectional differences as most abolitionists were from the North

Missouri Compromise

1820, there were an equal amount of slave states to free states and there was an imminent power imbalance when Missouri petitioned to become a slave state;

The Solution: Maine was brought in as a free state and the southern border of Missouri was set as the Northernmost line of any slave territory; Western states could come in as free states

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe in 1823; foreign policy that warned European powers to cease colonization of Central and South America or face military intervention by United States; United States would not meddle in political affairs or standing colonies of Europe

Indian Removal Act

1830; took natives out of territories that whites wanted to settle; Trail of Tears removed Cherokees from Georgia and relocated them to Oklahoma

Nullification

The right of states to nullify any Federal laws they thought were unconstitutional; tariffs

Whig Party

1833-1856; started in opposition to Jackson's authoritarian policies; concerned with depending the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch, states' rights, economic protectionism and modernization; 4 presidents: William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, John Tyler and Millard Fillmore; split over slavery caused the party to dissolve

Manifest Destiny

1840s; popular belief that it was the right and duty of the United States to expand Westward to the Pacific

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that contributed to the Civil War; showed Northerners and the rest of the world the horrors of slavery while the South saw it as an exaggeration

Compromise of 1850

Allowed those who lived in the Mexican cession to decide for themselves whether to be a free or slave territory

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Allowed slave owners to go into free states to retrieve their escaped slaves

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854; repealed the Missouri Compromise to allow the lands from the Louisiana Purchase to settle the slavery issue by popular sovereignty; enraged Northerners began the Republican party

"Bleeding Kansas"

The name applied to the state when a civil war broke out between pro- and anti- slavery advocates while Kansas was trying to formalize its statutes before being admitted as a state

Dred Scott Decision

1857 Supreme Court Case that ruled Congress had no authority to exclude slavery from the territories; upheld property rights over human rights

Industrialization

A time of enormous business growth and exploitation of natural resources for new inventions during the mid-1800s

1) Railroad Expansion: Transcontinental Railroad stretched over 35,000 miles

2) Gold and Silver Mining: Prospectors came to the West

3) Cattle Ranching: established the "Bread Basket" in the High Plains

Began in England with new inventions and factories; steel industry grew rapidly; steam engine revolutionized transportation and work power; factory-based/technologic era resulted; society went from agrarian to urban with poor working conditions and overcrowded/polluted cities

Gilded Age

1870s-1890; enormous wealth enjoyed by powerful families; control of major industries was held by robber barons (e.g. Carnegie- steel, Rockefeller- oil, Morgan- banking and Vanderbilt- steamboat)

Knights of Labor

Formed in 1878 that called for social and economic reform; replaced by American Federation of Labor led by Samuel Gompers

American Progressive Era

1890s-1920s; social movement to reform American society/order and increase trade with foreign markets

1) Hepburn Act: 1906; ICC

2) Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906; protect consumers from fraudulent labeling

3) Forest Service: 1898-1910; conservation methods and efficient use of resources

4) Federal Reserve System: 1913; supervise banking/commerce

5) Fair Trade Commission: 1914; established to ensure fair competition

19th Century Immigration Trends

Population of the US was doubled between 1860-1890; immigrants lived in the North in cities and slums; 1880s: Immigrants came from Italy, Poland, Hungary, Greece, Jewish groups from central and Eastern Europe; Roman Catholicism was on the rise

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the US; known for: World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage, Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the US; known for: creating Progressive party, Conservationism, Trust-Busting, Hepburn Act, Safe Food Regulations, "Square Deal" and Panama Canal

Calvin Coolidge

30th President of the US after taking over for Harding; nickname "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken; true Republican and Industrialist; believed in government supporting Big Business and a rigid economy

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the US; only president that served more than 2 terms in office; central figure in economic crisis and World War II; New Deal

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

An act under Theodore Roosevelt that banned formations that would restrict trade and not distinguish between bad and good trusts. The act was a hamper on worker unions, but it showed that the government was slowly moving away from laissez faire ideals.

Causes for World War I

Militarism

Alliances

Nationalism

Imperialism

Assassination

World War I

1914-1918; fought by the Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Greece, Italy, Romania and Serbia against the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey; United States joined the Allies in 1917 after years of neutrality; sinking of the Lusitania caused the US to join

Fourteen Points Speech

1918; Woodrow Wilson; outlined plans for peace and the League of Nations

Dust Bowl

1930s; Inadequate conservation techniques caused topsoil to be blown away in great dust storms; deaths from blackened skies that led to lung disease and failed crops

Great Depression

Farmers went into a Depression when foreign markets started growing their own crops again; increased credit buying, bank war debts and gaps between the rich and the poor allowed the stock market to crash in October 1929; The Result: the economy spiraled downward, banks failed, people became unemployed, industrial production fell and national income level dropped

World War II

1939-1945; Allies v Axis powers; fought on every continent; Pearl Harbor attacks in 1941 by Japan caused the US to join war efforts on the Allies side "a day that would live in infamy"; women worked in the factories while men entered the military so great manufacturer of goods/munitions for the war effort; rationing and war bonds; production brought an end to the economic depression

Cold War

Soviet Union kept control of Eastern Europe spreading Communism around the world, led to:

1) The Truman Doctrine: 1947; policy designed to protect free peoples everywhere against oppression

2) Marshall Plan: 1948; $12 billion went to rebuilding Western Europe and strengthening its defenses

3) Organization of American States: 1948; bolstered democratic relations in the Americas

4) Berlin Blockade: 1948-49; Soviets tried to starve out West Berlin so US air dropped supplies

5) North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 1949; Formed to militarily link the US and Western Europe so an attack on one was an attack on both

6) Korean War: 1950-1953; This divided the country into the communist North and democratic South

7) The McCarthy Era: 1950-54; Senator McCarthy of Wisconsin held hearings on supposed Communist conspiracies that ruined innocent reputations and led to the blacklisting of suspected sympathizers in the government/media

Brown v Board of Education

1954; segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause; "separate but equal" practice was unconstitutional in education; overturned the 1896 Plessy v Ferguson ruling that permitted segregation if facilities were equal

Miranda v Arizona

1966; made the reading of the Miranda rights to those arrested for crimes the law; ensured confessions could not be illegally obtained and that citizens rights to fair trials and protection under the law would be upheld

1960s

1) Cuban Missile Crisis: 1961; stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union over a build-up of missiles in Cuba; nuclear war was averted when Soviets stopped shipments

2) Assassinations of President Kennedy (1963) and MLK Jr (1968)

3) Civil Rights Movement: 1960s; social movements to end racial segregation and discrimination that drew attention to the plight of African Americans

4) Vietnam War: 1964-1973; resulted in the military draft; heavy involvement of American personnel and money

5) Major Legislation: Civil Rights Act, the Clean Air Act, Water Quality Act, Medicare, War on Poverty

Time Zones

1 hour = 15 degrees longitude (4 minutes = 1 degree turn)

27 nations agreed at the 1884 International Meridian Conference to create the time zone system which consists of 24 time zones (to equal 24 hours in a day)

The 1884 Conference established the meridian passing through Greenwich, England (zero point AKA prime meridian)

180th meridian = International Date Line (the place where a day begins and ends)

Cartography

The art and science of mapmaking; maps of local areas were drawn by Egyptians as early as 1300BC and Greeks made maps of the known world in 6th century BC

Steps: 1) Survey: selecting key sites for benchmarks for measurements; 2) Compile Info and Computer Draft a Map Based on Collected Data; 3) Reproduce/Print

Latitude

Imaginary Horizontal line that divides the globe into a grid (360 degrees); Parallels=lines of Latitude

Longitude

Imaginary Vertical line that divides the globe into a grid (360 degrees); Meridians=lines of Longitude; circle the Earth and connect at the Poles

Absolute Location

Exact spot where coordinates meet

Equator

0 degrees Latitude (2 equal halves - Northern/Southern hemispheres with areas on the sides Western and Eastern)

Prime Meridian

0 degrees Longitude; starting point for measuring distance

Poles

North: 90 degrees North latitude

South: 90 degrees South latitude

Tropic of Cancer

23.5 degrees North of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

23.5 degrees South of the equator

Arctic Circle

66.5 degrees North of the equator

Antarctic Circle

66.5 degrees South of the equator

Physical Features of Geographic Locations

Vegetation Zones/Biomes - forests, grasslands, deserts and tundra

Climate (the long-term average weather conditions of a place) Zones - tropical, dry, temperate, continental and polar

Cultural Features of Geographic Locations

Population Density: the number of people living in each square mile/kilometer of a place (divide population by area)

Religion: dominant religions of a place (Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Shinto, Taoism, Confucianism)

Languages: official language of a place; 12 major language families; Indo-European family is spoken over the widest geographic area

Spatial Organization

How things or people are grouped in a given space anywhere on Earth

Themes of Geography

1) Location: relative and absolute

2) Place: physical characteristics and human characteristics

3) Human-Environmental Interaction: human adaptation/modification/dependence to the environment

4) Movement: interaction through trade, migration, communications, political boundaries, ideas and fashions

5) Regions: formal (e.g. cities, states, countries), functional (e.g. common connection) and vernacular (e.g. divisions based on perceptions/mental images)

Geomorphology/Physiography

The study of landforms; a science that considers the relationships between geological structures and surface landscape features; studies the processes that change these features (e.g. erosion, deposition, plate tectonics) and biological factors

Landform

Landscape feature or geomorphological unit (e.g. hills, plateaus, mountains, deserts, canyons, deltas, valleys) categorized according to elevation, slope, orientation and stratification

Oceans

Largest bodies of water on Earth (cover 71% of Earth's surface); 5 major oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern

Seas

Smaller than Oceans and somewhat surrounded by land; Examples: Mediterranean, Baltic, Caspian, Coral and Caribbean

Lakes

Bodies of water in a depression; Examples: Great Lakes and Lake Victoria

Rivers

Channeled flow of water that start out as a spring/stream formed by runoff from rain or snow; flow from higher to lower ground and empty into a sea or ocean; Examples: Amazon, Nile, Mississippi, Ganges, Yangtze

Canals

Artificial waterways constructed by humans to connect two larger bodies of water; Examples: Panama and Suez

Climates

1) Humid Continental: four seasons; cold winter, hot summer; sufficient rainfalls

2) Prairie Climates: in steppe regions; dry flatlands

3) Subtropical Climates: humidity in the tropical areas; moisture produces long summers and mild winters

4) Marine Climate: near or surrounded by water; warm oceans bring moisture, mild temperatures and plentiful rain

Physical Geography

The study of climate, water and land and their relationships with each other and humans; locates and identifies the Earth's surface features and explores how humans thrive

Cultural Geography

The study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors and the effect of human activities

Sumer

Ancient civilization; used the 1st known writing system, advanced the development of the wheel and irrigation, urbanized their culture

Egypt

Ancient civilization; united by the Nile River, settled in villages, pharaohs served as Gods, central government controlled civil and artistic affairs