Unit 2 - population and migration

Demography

Examining the distribution of humans across the planet is an important element studies, statistics location, instruction of human population

Overpopulation

The phenomenon where the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Ecumene

Portion of earth occupied by permanent human settlement

Arithmetic density

Density people in a given area

Physiological density

Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

Agricultural density

Ratio of number of farmers to amount of arable land

Arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births expected for every 1000 people per year

Crude death rate (CDR)

Total number of expected deaths for every 1000 people per year

Natural increase rate (NIR)

Percentage by which population grows

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

Doubling time

The fixed period required for a quantity growing at constant rate to double its size

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Total deaths (before 1st birthday) per 1000 births

Life expectancy

The average period that a person is expected to live

Carrying capacity

The largest number of people that environment of particular area sustainably support

Demographic transition model (DTM)

how countries populations change from high birth, and death rates to low birth and death rates

Demographic equation

A formula that calculates change in population overtime

Zero population growth

same number that are born in a year die

Population pyramid

display of a countries age and sex structure of a country population

Population projection

In estimate of a population for a future date by assuming future trends in birth rates, death rates, and migration to the current population base

Dependency ratio

The number of people that are too old or young to work compared to people in their productive years

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

Thomas Malthus

Population growing faster than the food supply

Neo-Malthusians

Believed it was worse than what Malthus predicted

Sustainability

Meeting present generations needs without compromising the ability of future generations

Epidemiology

Study of distribution and patterns in health of population

Epidemiologic transition

A way of changed because of incidences distribution and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and some are produced by special cases

Census

A count of population to gather data

Agricultural revolution

Changes in farming that increases food production, and efficiency

Industrial revolution

Period of rapid development because of machinery and technology

Medical revolution

The diffusion of medical technology

More developed country (MDC)

Developed

Less developed countries (LDC)

Developing

Pandemic

Worldwide spread of a disease

Migration

Permanent or semi permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Immigration

Immigration to a location

Emigration

Migration from a location

Push and pull factors

A push factor induces people to move out of their present location, a pole factor induces people to move to a new location

Refugees

Displaced person who crosses an international border

Asylum-seekers

Someone who left their home country due to persecution and request protect protection from another country

Internally displaced person

Someone forced to leave their home due to conflict, but still remains within the borders of their own country

Force migration

Involuntary migration migrant does not have a choice

Intervening obstacles

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration

Voluntary migration

When people choose to relocate

Gravity model

Influence upon interactions between two places and is not based on distance alone

Interregional migration

Permanent movement of people from one region to another and the same country

Intraregional immigration

Movement of people within the same region of a country

Rural-urban migration

Rule (agricultural) areas to urban (city) areas can be internal or transnational

Counterurbanization

Net migration of people from urban to rule areas

Migration transition

How migration patterns changed as a country, undergoes economic development

Intercontinental migration

International immigration, a permanent movement of people across international borders to different continents

Undocumented/ immigrants

Immigrants who are entering the US without proper documents

Guest worker

Immigrants from poor countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs

Change migration

Migration of people to specific location because of relatives are members of the same nationality who moved their previously

Cyclic movement

Repetitive/ predictable patterns of immigration

Transhumance

Mountainous regions, herders moving their animals to hire areas in the summer and lower elevations during the winter

Step migration

processed by which migrants reached their final destination through a series of smaller moves

Brain drain

a large scale emigration by talented people

International migration

Movement of people across national borders to live in a different country

Circulation

Short term repetitive or cyclical movements that reoccur on a regular basics

mobility

all types of movement from one location to another

Net migration

Number of migrants minus the number of emigrants including citizens and non-citizens

Quotas

a governmental numeric limit on amount of people in goods that can be imported in exported

Internal migration

Migration within a country