Respiratory test prep

Uhhh

Atelectasis

Collapse of part or all of a lung due to alveoli deflating

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Sudden nighttime shortness of breath, seen in CHF

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid in alveoli, impairing gas exchange

Febrile

Having a fever

Orthopnea

Shortness of breath when lying flat

Tachypnea

Abnormally fast breathing

Bradypnea

Abnormally slow breathing

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Ataxic breathing

Irregular, uncoordinated breathing pattern

Agonal respirations

Gasping, ineffective preterminal breaths

Respirations

Rate, rhythm, and depth of breathing

Alkalosis

Blood too basic (↑pH)

Acidosis

Blood too acidic (↓pH)

Ventilation

Movement of air in/out of the lungs

Hypoxia

Low oxygen in tissues

Oxygenation

Transfer of oxygen into the blood

Laryngectomy

Removal of the larynx

Cyanosis

Bluish skin discoloration due to hypoxia

Malaise

General feeling of discomfort or illness

Agonist

Drug that stimulates a receptor

Antagonist

Drug that blocks a receptor

Adverse Effects

Harmful unintended drug effects

Contraindications

Situations where a drug/procedure should not be used

Indications

Reasons to use a drug/procedure

Vasoconstrictor

Drug that narrows blood vessels and raises blood pressure

Bronchodilator

Drug that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and opens airways

Beta 1

Receptors in the heart — increase heart rate and contractility

Beta 2

Receptors in the lungs — cause bronchodilation

CPAP

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; keeps alveoli open

Diaphoresis

Profuse sweating

Alveolar Ventilation

Amount of air reaching alveoli per minute

Tidal Volume

Amount of air moved per breath

Minute Volume

Tidal volume × respiratory rate

Dead Space

Air not participating in gas exchange

Residual Volume

Air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Aerobic

With oxygen

Anaerobic

Without oxygen

Hypoxic Drive

Respiratory drive based on low O₂ levels (seen in COPD)

Diffusion

Movement of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane

Emphysema (COPD type)

Barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing, minimal cough, wheezing, thin build

Asthma

Wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, tachypnea, cough

Chronic Bronchitis

Productive cough, cyanosis, overweight, wheezing, rhonchi

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

Dyspnea, orthopnea, frothy pink sputum, crackles, Jugular Vein Distention, pedal edema

Diphtheria

Sore throat, fever, thick gray pseudomembrane in throat, stridor

Croup (children)

Barking cough, inspiratory stridor, low-grade fever

Acute Pulmonary Edema

Severe dyspnea, crackles/rales, frothy sputum, orthopnea, cyanosis

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Severe coughing fits, "whoop" sound, post-tussive vomiting

Epiglottitis

Sore throat, drooling, stridor, tripod position, high fever, sudden onset

Pneumothorax

Sudden sharp chest pain, decreased breath sounds on one side, dyspnea, tachypnea

Pneumonia

Fever, productive cough with colored sputum, crackles/rhonchi, chest pain, tachypnea

COPD (general)

Dyspnea, wheezing, chronic cough, cyanosis, accessory muscle use

Stridor

High-pitched sound from upper airway obstruction (croup, epiglottitis, foreign body)

Crackles (Rales)

Popping or crackling sounds from fluid in alveoli (CHF, pulmonary edema, pneumonia)

Rhonchi

Low-pitched rattling sound from mucus in large airways (bronchitis, pneumonia)

Snoring

Coarse sound from partial upper airway obstruction (tongue, decreased LOC)

Wheezing

Whistling sound from narrowed lower airways (asthma, COPD, bronchitis)

Spontaneous Pneumothorax definition

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

spontaneous pneumothorax signs and symptoms

patient becomes dyspneic, complains of chest pain, breath sounds may be absent on affected side

Pleural effusion def

collection of fluid in lungs

Pulmonary embolus signs and symptoms

Anxiety, restlessness, impending doom

Low spO2, tachycardia and tachypnea

acute dyspnea, acute chest pain, cyanosis, hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

What does "blue bloater" pertain to?

chronic bronchitis, irritation of the trachea and bronchi

What does pink puffer pertain to?

emphysema, which results in barrel chest and breathing out through pursed lips

Indications to use CPAP

moderate to severe dyspnea

spO2 < 90%

breathing more than 26 times / min

alert and can follow commands.

pulmonary edema

Contraindications to use CPAP

hypotensive

respiratory arrest

unable to follow commands

active gi bleeding or vomiting

Respiratory DISTRESS signs

Agitation, anxiety, restlessness

stridor, wheezing

accessory muscle usage

Tachypnea

mild tachycardia

nasal flaring

seesaw breathing

head bobbing

Respiratory FAILURE signs

Lethargy

difficult to rouse

tachypnea with periods of bradycardia

agonal gasps

inadequate chest rise

poor chest expansion

inadequate rate & / or effort

diminished muscle tone

mild FBAO treatment

encourage coughing

give O2

transport

"as long as patient can breath cough, talk, do not interfere

Severe FBAO

unable to talk, cough breathe

cyanotic, possible stridor, easy to recognize

FBAO FOUND unresponsive

check responsiveness

check breathing and pulse

if the pulse is present but breathing absent - attempt to ventilate

No chest rise after 2 attempts - 30 chest compressions

open airway, attempt to remove anything VISIBLE, no blind sweeps