Mitosis and Meiosis

In eukaryotes, transmission of genetic material via chromosomes involves

Mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis

Leads to production of 2 daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cells

Meiosis

Reduces the genetic content by hald

During mitosis/meiosis

Chromatin fibers coil and condense into chromosomes

During interphase, chromosomes are

Uncoiled and disperse into chromatin

Without ____, there is no cell division

Centrioles

Plants have a cell wall composed of

Cellulose- a structural carbohydrate

Nucleoid

False nucleus that is found in prokaryotes

Nucleolus

Part of nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

NOR

Nucleolus organizer region, DNA that encodes RNA

E. coli is an example of a

Prokaryote

Cytoplasm includes

Cytosol and cytoskeleton

Cytosol

Colloidal material surrounding organelles

Cytoskeleton contains

Microtubules and microfilaments

Microtubules

Part of cytoskeleton made up of protein tubulin

Microfilaments

Part of cytoskeleton derives from the protein actin

What cellular structures have their own DNA and are able to transcribe their own genetic information

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Centrioles

Associated with organization of spindle fibers for movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

Spindle fibers are made up of

Microtubules and help on movement of chromosome

Centrioles are located in

Centrosome

Chromosomes are not visible during

Interphase

Sister chromatids long arm

q arm

Sister chromatids short arm

p arm

Chromatin

DNA+ protein

Metacentric

Middle of centromere, equal arm length

Submetacentric

Between middle and end of centromere, p arm is slightly shorter

Acrocentric

Close end of centromere, p arm is way shorter

Telocentric

At end of centromere, p arm is not existent

Acentric

Chromosome without centromere

Cohesin

Keeps sister chromatin together

Seperase

Enzyme that degrades cohesin

Shugoshin

Protein that protects cohesin from being degraded by separase

Homologous chromosomes

Carry genes for the same inherited characteristics

Biparental inheritance

Diploid organisms that contain two copies of each gene, one maternal one paternal

Biparental inheritance may carry different alleles because

If they were the same, they would be sister chromosomes, not homologous. This is why siblings arent exactly alike

Humans have 46 chromosomes, which means they have how many homologous pairs

23

Cell cycle

Lasts 16 hours, is composed of interphase and mitosis (less than 1hour)

Interphase has intensive

metabolic activity, growth and differentation

S phase

Part of interphase when DNA is synthesized

Gap phase in interphase before S phase

G1

Gap phase in interphase after S phase

G2

G0

Viable, metabolic active, but proliferative

Cancer cells skip

G0 phase

Interphase

Characterized by the absence of visible chromosomes

Mitosis stages (HINT: Professor promised me an A tomorrow)

P rophase

P rometaphase

M Metaphase

A naphase

T elophase