anatomy midterm

anatomy

study of the body

physiology

study of the function of body

molecule-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

the hierarchy from lowest to the most complex

cranial

cavity that houses the brain

thoracic

cavity that houses the lungs and heart

spinal

cavity that houses the spinal cord

abdominopelvic

cavity that houses the abdominal organs

respiratory

organ system that consists of the lungs, trachea, and allows for gas exchange

digestive

organ system that consists of the alimentary canal and allows for absorbing nutrients and excreting wastes

lymphatic

organ system that consists of lymph nodes and vessels, the immune system

cardiovascular

organ system that consists of the heart and blood vessels

endocrine

organ system that consists of the glands and hormones

skeletal

organ system that consists of bones and forms the protective and supporting framework of the body

muscular

organ system that consists of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles

integumentary

organ system that consists of the skin, hair, and nails

nervous

organ system that consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

histology

the study of tissues

epithelial

the tissue that lines organ and covers body surfaces

connective

most abundant tissue in the body

muscular

tissue responsible for movement and the protection of the body heat

bone

osseous tissue, most rigid tissue

nervous

communication tissue

blood

consists of cells suspended in plasma

simple squamous

single layer of flat cells

simple cuboidal

single layer of cube shaped cells

simple columnar

single layer of elongated cells

stratified cuboidal

multiple layers of cube like cells

pseudostratified columnar

single layer of columnar cells that appear as multiple layers

transitional

layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that change their shape

glandular

epithelial cells that secrete substances either on to body surfaces or into ducts

fibroblasts

most common connective tissue cell that produces fiber

macrophage

largest connective tissue cell that engulfs and absorbs other cells

mast cell

connective tissue that secretes heparin and histamines

collagenous fibers

made of collagen and strengthen connective tissue

elastic fibers

made of elastin and allow connective tissue to stretch

reticular fibers

thin network of connective tissue fibers that join tissues to other tissues

dense regular

densely packed and regularly structured networks of connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

most abundant type of cartilage

elastic cartilage

flexible cartilage in the nose and ears

fibrocartilage

tough cartilage that is a shock absorber in the intervertebral discs

skeletal muscle

voluntary striated muscle that is attached to bones and move the skeleton

smooth muscle

involuntary non-striated muscles that forms the walls of organs and blood vessels

stratum basale

base layer of the epidermis

stratum spinosum

second layer of the epidermis and centrally located nuclei nd keratin fibers begin to form

stratum granulosum

third layer of the epidermis that is shriveled nuclei and keratin granules formed

stratum lucidum

fourth layer of the epidermis that is cleat keratinized cells in the palms and soles

stratum corneum

fifth layer of the epidermis that is dead keratinized cells on the surface of the skin

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

sebaceous

oil glands

eccrine

sweat glands all over the body

apocrine

sweat glands in the armpits and genitals

long bone

bones that are longer than they are wide

short bone

cube like bones

flat bone

bones that are flat

irregular bones

bones that are irregulary shaped

osteon

unit of compact bones

transverse canal

canal that runs across an osteon

lacunae

spaces between the lamellae that hold the osteocytes

canaliculi

tiny canals that connect the lamellae of an osteon

lamellae

the layers of an osteon that are concentric rings around the central canal

osteoprogenitor cells

cells that make bone cells

osteocytes

mature bone cells

osteoblasts

builder bone cells

osteoclasts

bone cells that clear away dead tissues

syndesmosis

fibrous joints linking adjacents bones with a sheet of cartilage

suture

fits 2 bones together like a puzzle piece

synchondrosis

cartilage in the epiphyseal plate in a bone

symphysis

joins 2 bones together in a slightly movable joint

synovial joint

most complex type of joint found in the knee and hips

ball and socket

coxofemoral joint and the glenohumeral joint are _______________

hinge

ulnohumeral joint and a ____________ joint

pivot

the atlantoaxial joint is a ________________joint

flexion

bending the elbow

extension

straightening the arm

circumduction

moving the arm in a circle

rotation

twisting the arm is

dorsiflexion

pulling the toes dorsally

plantar flexion

pointing the toes down

supination

turning the palm up or anteriorly

pronation

turning the palm down or posteriorly

protraction

separating and rolling the shoulders anteriorly

retraction

bringing the shoulders together posteriorly

abduction

moves a body part laterally

adduction

moves a body part medially

eversion

rolls the plantar side of the foot laterally

inversion

rolls the plantar side of the foot medially