M2L2 The Integumentary System

made from slides 14-30

What are the two main types of glands found in the skin?

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands.

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Eccrine glands and apocrine glands.

Where are eccrine sweat glands found?

Found on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

What are eccrine sweat glands?

Long tubes that open into pores on the surface of the skin

What is sweat mostly made of?

99% water with trace amounts of salts, vitamins, wastes, and the antimicrobial peptide dermcidin.

Why is sweat slightly acidic?

To help kill bacteria and protect the skin.

Where are apocrine glands found?

Found in the armpit and genital areas

What differences do apocrine sweat glands have?

They contain fatty substances and proteins

Why does body odor occur?

Bacteria break down the fats and proteins in apocrine sweat, producing odor.

When do apocrine glands become active?

During puberty.

What do sebaceous glands produce?

Sebum (oil) that lubricates skin and hair and kills bacteria

Where are sebaceous glands found?

On the scalp and face; they are not found on the palms or soles.

What determines how much oil your skin produces?

Inheritance (genetics), but oil production usually increases during puberty.

What are sebaceous glands classified as?

Holocrine glands, because they release whole burst cells of oil.

What are the main functions of hair?

Keeps in heat, protects from the sun, alerts us to insects, protects eyes (eyelashes), and filters particles (nose hair)

What is the visible part of the hair called?

The hair shaft.

Where is the hair follicle located?

In the dermis.

What happens in the hair bulb?

Cells divide, fill with keratin and pigment, then die and are pushed out to form the hair shaft

What muscle makes your hair “stand on end”?

The arrector pili muscle.

What determines hair texture?

The shape of the hair follicle opening (round = straight, oval = wavy, flat = curly)

What determines hair color?

The amount of melanin present in the hair follicle.

What are the functions of nails?

Protect the fingertips and serve as tools for picking up or scratching

What are the main parts of the nail?

Free edge, body, root, and nail bed.

What is the nail matrix?

The part that produces heavily keratinized cells that become the nail body.

What is the lunula?

The “little moon” shape at the base of the nail; it appears white because the nail is thicker there.

What is the cuticle (eponychium)?

A fold of skin that seals and protects the nail matrix.

How do hair and nails protect the body?

Their high keratin content makes them tough and resistant, forming protective barriers