Sleep and Biological Rhythms

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Flashcards covering concepts related to sleep, sleep measurement, brain waves, sleep cycles, sleep disorders, neural control of sleep, and circadian rhythms.

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26 Terms

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Sleep

A dynamic and actively produced brain state with accompanying changes to physiology.

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Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A method used to measure sleep by recording brain activity.

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Electromyogram (EMG)

A method used to measure sleep by recording muscle activity.

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Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A method used to measure sleep by recording eye movements.

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Gamma Waves

Brain wave frequency higher than 30 Hz, associated with concentrating, focusing, and learning.

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Beta Waves

Brain wave frequency between 13-30 Hz, associated with most activities while awake.

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Alpha Waves

Brain wave frequency between 8-12.99 Hz, associated with relaxation or sleepiness.

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Theta Waves

Brain wave frequency between 4-7.99 Hz, associated with stage 1 and 2 (light) sleep.

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Delta Waves

Brain wave frequency between 1-3.99 Hz, associated with stage 3 (deep) sleep.

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REM sleep

Brain activity during REM sleep is associated with Dreaming.

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Lucid dreaming

Dreamer is aware they are dreaming and have some control over the dream characters, narrative, and/or environment.

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Sleep deprivation

Impairs cognition, increases anxiety, stroke risk, diabetes risk, depression symptoms, breast cancer risk, heart disease risk, and weight gain.

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Adenosine

Primary candidate for sleep homeostasis. Sleep pressure increases with time awake, due to increases in sleep-promoting substances. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors to reduce sleepiness

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Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter that produces activation and cortical desynchrony when neurons are stimulated.

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Norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter released throughout the brain by neurons of the locus coeruleus.

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Serotonin

Neurotransmitter that, when stimulated in the raphe nuclei, causes cortical arousal.

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Histamine

Neurotransmitter that increases cortical activation and arousal.

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Orexin

A neuropeptide secreted by the lateral hypothalamus that has excitatory effects in regions involved in arousal.

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Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early, with associated problems like fatigue and impaired performance, lasting at least 3 months.

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Sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A common form of sleep apnea that occurs when throat muscles relax and block the flow of air into the lungs.

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Central sleep apnea (CSA)

A type of sleep apnea where the brain does not send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing.

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Narcolepsy

A chronic hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks, sometimes with cataplexy.

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Parasomnias

Disruptive sleep-related disorders that can occur during arousals from REM sleep or partial arousals from Non-REM sleep.

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Night terrors

Experiencing a night terror or sleep terror abruptly awakes from sleep in a terrified state. The person may appear to be awake, but is confused and unable to communicate.

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Circadian rhythms

Physical and behavioral changes that follow a ~24-hour cycle and respond primarily to light and dark.