Notable Philosophers (& their Most Famous Works & Philosophies & Notable Biographical Information) and Notable Movements/Branches/Schools of Philosophy (& their Associative Philosophers and Characteristics) | HISTORICAL Set

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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 1)

Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher

<p>Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 2)

Aside from his namesake place of birth (modern Turkey) and a rough estimate of the year he was born, many of the details of his personal life are shrouded in mystery or are not definitively known due to conflicting sources

<p>Aside from his namesake place of birth (modern Turkey) and a rough estimate of the year he was born, many of the details of his personal life are shrouded in mystery or are not definitively known due to conflicting sources</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 3)

It is not definitively known who his parents were, whether or not he married and/or had any children, whether or not he wrote anything, how he died, and whether or not he was involved in the political and/or economic affairs of his time

<p>It is not definitively known who his parents were, whether or not he married and/or had any children, whether or not he wrote anything, how he died, and whether or not he was involved in the political and/or economic affairs of his time</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 4)

Although disputable, the most likely to be true details of his personal life (via Herodotus) is that he was of Phoenician descent and he was involved in politics so much so that he tried to convince the states of Ionia to unify

<p>Although disputable, the most likely to be true details of his personal life (via Herodotus) is that he was of Phoenician descent and he was involved in politics so much so that he tried to convince the states of Ionia to unify</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 5)

Although disputable, there are a few famous tales involving the namesake philosopher, one of which occurred (via Herodotus) in which he was a smart military commander who, when having approached a river with no bridge that was too deep to cross, had commanded his soldiers to dig a trench behind their encampment before the river to allow the water to level out so they could cross and leave it so they could return in the same fashion

<p>Although disputable, there are a few famous tales involving the namesake philosopher, one of which occurred (via Herodotus) in which he was a smart military commander who, when having approached a river with no bridge that was too deep to cross, had commanded his soldiers to dig a trench behind their encampment before the river to allow the water to level out so they could cross and leave it so they could return in the same fashion</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 6)

Although disputable, there are a few famous tales involving the namesake philosopher, one of which occurred (via Diogenes Laertius) in which he becomes very rich after buying up all the olive presses in his namesake town after investing in them after predicting a good harvest for a particular year illustrating that his intelligence could be used to make money and that he should not be underestimated despite him perhaps being out of touch with the rest of society

<p>Although disputable, there are a few famous tales involving the namesake philosopher, one of which occurred (via Diogenes Laertius) in which he becomes very rich after buying up all the olive presses in his namesake town after investing in them after predicting a good harvest for a particular year illustrating that his intelligence could be used to make money and that he should not be underestimated despite him perhaps being out of touch with the rest of society</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 7)

Although disputable (due to conflicting sources), the most important and/or impressive of his non-philosophical contributions was his impressive (correct) prediction of an eclipse of the sun which brought fighting to a standstill during an ongoing conflict between the Lydians, Medes and Persians over the fate of the region of Ionia of which he was able to negotiate in favor of his namesake town favorably when hostilities continued

<p>Although disputable (due to conflicting sources), the most important and/or impressive of his non-philosophical contributions was his impressive (correct) prediction of an eclipse of the sun which brought fighting to a standstill during an ongoing conflict between the Lydians, Medes and Persians over the fate of the region of Ionia of which he was able to negotiate in favor of his namesake town favorably when hostilities continued</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 8)

Although disputable, there are a few famous tales involving the namesake philosopher, one of which occurred (via Plato) in which he was a silly fellow exemplified by his having fallen into a well while walking and looking up at the stars, being discovered by a widow who mocked how stupid he was for having falen

<p>Although disputable, there are a few famous tales involving the namesake philosopher, one of which occurred (via Plato) in which he was a silly fellow exemplified by his having fallen into a well while walking and looking up at the stars, being discovered by a widow who mocked how stupid he was for having falen</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 9)

Founder of the Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy (according to Aristotle), he taught Anaximander

<p>Founder of the Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy (according to Aristotle), he taught Anaximander</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 10)

One of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece, he is quoted with having revived "Know Thyself", the 6th (and most famous) Delphic Maxim

<p>One of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece, he is quoted with having revived "Know Thyself", the 6th (and most famous) Delphic Maxim</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 11)

Considered the first Greek, and thus the first Western Philosopher since he was the first to question the ultimate nature of the world and/or universe by pondering whether or not it was made up of one universal substance and then pondering as to what that one substance is

<p>Considered the first Greek, and thus the first Western Philosopher since he was the first to question the ultimate nature of the world and/or universe by pondering whether or not it was made up of one universal substance and then pondering as to what that one substance is</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 12)

Considered the first Greek, and thus the first Western Philosopher since he was the first Ancient Greek to think about and explain the world in terms of rational hypotheses and natural processes rather than anthropomorphic gods and heroes

<p>Considered the first Greek, and thus the first Western Philosopher since he was the first Ancient Greek to think about and explain the world in terms of rational hypotheses and natural processes rather than anthropomorphic gods and heroes</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 13)

Considered the first Greek Philosopher to reconcile Unity with Difference or the notion of "Unity in Difference", discovering an underlying unity of "first principle"

<p>Considered the first Greek Philosopher to reconcile Unity with Difference or the notion of "Unity in Difference", discovering an underlying unity of "first principle"</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 14)

Considered the first of any of the philosophers to think of or theorize that reality derives from an "arche" or "principal substance" or that the universe was made up of one thing, and he thought this "principal substance" was water

<p>Considered the first of any of the philosophers to think of or theorize that reality derives from an "arche" or "principal substance" or that the universe was made up of one thing, and he thought this "principal substance" was water</p>
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#01: Thales of Miletus (Fact 15)

Although his answer that he gave to the question that he proposed which is what the ultimate nature of the world is or his reasons which is that it is made of a singular substance of which is water, may be flawed, the fact that he raised the question in the first place is what is most significant about him

<p>Although his answer that he gave to the question that he proposed which is what the ultimate nature of the world is or his reasons which is that it is made of a singular substance of which is water, may be flawed, the fact that he raised the question in the first place is what is most significant about him</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 1) [Fact 1]

Was a Hylozoist who believed that "all things are full of gods, that the magnet has a soul because it moves Iron", in other words rocks like lodestones have souls because Iron is attracted to them

<p>Was a Hylozoist who believed that "all things are full of gods, that the magnet has a soul because it moves Iron", in other words rocks like lodestones have souls because Iron is attracted to them</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 1) [Fact 2]

Believed that the presence of movement of matter indicated that the matter contained life

<p>Believed that the presence of movement of matter indicated that the matter contained life</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 1) [Fact 3]

Concluded that if an object had the power to move other things without changing or moving itself, then that object had "life" or must be "alive" in some way in that it has "animation" or the "power to act" and thus, argued that there is no difference between the living and the dead in this sense

<p>Concluded that if an object had the power to move other things without changing or moving itself, then that object had "life" or must be "alive" in some way in that it has "animation" or the "power to act" and thus, argued that there is no difference between the living and the dead in this sense</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 1) [Fact 4]

Argued that if all things were alive, they must also have souls or divinities thus totally removing mind from substance, what is known as the "Non-Divine Principle of Action"

<p>Argued that if all things were alive, they must also have souls or divinities thus totally removing mind from substance, what is known as the "Non-Divine Principle of Action"</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 2)

He believed that "things" are varying forms of one primary and ultimate element

<p>He believed that "things" are varying forms of one primary and ultimate element</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 3)

Recognized that there exists a single, transcendental God (Monism) who has neither beginning nor end, but who expresses himself through other gods (Polytheism)

<p>Recognized that there exists a single, transcendental God (Monism) who has neither beginning nor end, but who expresses himself through other gods (Polytheism)</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 4)

Recognized that in Justice the letter of the law and the spirit of the law are equally immoral

<p>Recognized that in Justice the letter of the law and the spirit of the law are equally immoral</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 5)

Taught that we should expect the same support from our children that we give to our parents

<p>Taught that we should expect the same support from our children that we give to our parents</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 6)

Taught that we should not let talk influence us against those we have come to trust

<p>Taught that we should not let talk influence us against those we have come to trust</p>
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Thales of Miletus (Philosophy 7)

Taught that we should not do ourselves that for which we blame others

<p>Taught that we should not do ourselves that for which we blame others</p>
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#02: Anaximander of Miletus (Fact 1)

Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher

<p>Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher</p>
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#02: Anaximander of Miletus (Fact 2)

Key Figure of the Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy, he was taught by Thales and later succeeded Thales when Thales died to become leader of the Milesian School

<p>Key Figure of the Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy, he was taught by Thales and later succeeded Thales when Thales died to become leader of the Milesian School</p>
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#02: Anaximander of Miletus (Fact 3)

He taught Anaximenes and Pythagoras (according to Diogenes Laertius)

<p>He taught Anaximenes and Pythagoras (according to Diogenes Laertius)</p>
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#02: Anaximander of Miletus (Fact 4)

Aside from his namesake place of birth (modern Turkey) and a rough estimate of the year he was born, many of the details of his personal life are shrouded in mystery or are not definitively known due to conflicting sources with the only definitive fact being that his father was a man named Praxiades

<p>Aside from his namesake place of birth (modern Turkey) and a rough estimate of the year he was born, many of the details of his personal life are shrouded in mystery or are not definitively known due to conflicting sources with the only definitive fact being that his father was a man named Praxiades</p>
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#02: Anaximander of Miletus (Fact 5)

Was one of the first Ancient Greek philosophers (something not credited to his predecessor Thales) who actually wrote down his thoughts on paper despite all of these supposed scripts being lost and his entire philosophy almost entirely lost by the time of Plato

<p>Was one of the first Ancient Greek philosophers (something not credited to his predecessor Thales) who actually wrote down his thoughts on paper despite all of these supposed scripts being lost and his entire philosophy almost entirely lost by the time of Plato</p>
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Anaximander of Miletus (Philosophy 1) [Fact 1]

Believed that the exchange of energy or "dissolving" of hot and cold back into the "Apeiron" into something that is neither hot nor cold was not a voluntary action in nature, but rather an obligatory one and said that one opposite was "paying a fine" to its opposite, such as the "hot summer" "paying a fine" to the moderate temperature because of an "injustice" that was committed against the moderate temperature

<p>Believed that the exchange of energy or "dissolving" of hot and cold back into the "Apeiron" into something that is neither hot nor cold was not a voluntary action in nature, but rather an obligatory one and said that one opposite was "paying a fine" to its opposite, such as the "hot summer" "paying a fine" to the moderate temperature because of an "injustice" that was committed against the moderate temperature</p>
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Anaximander of Miletus (Philosophy 1) [Fact 2]

Believed that the substitution of one element for another or the dissolving back into the "Apeiron" of one element for another or the coming out of the "Apeiron" of one element for another can be represented as "instances of injustice" ultimately being reabsorbed into the "Indeterminate Boundless"

<p>Believed that the substitution of one element for another or the dissolving back into the "Apeiron" of one element for another or the coming out of the "Apeiron" of one element for another can be represented as "instances of injustice" ultimately being reabsorbed into the "Indeterminate Boundless"</p>
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Anaximander of Miletus (Philosophy 2)

Argued that because the Principal Substance/The "One"/"Arche"/First Principal had to be infinite; Earth, Water, Air, and Fire (the "elements" at the time) could not be such a substance because they were finite and limited substances

<p>Argued that because the Principal Substance/The "One"/"Arche"/First Principal had to be infinite; Earth, Water, Air, and Fire (the "elements" at the time) could not be such a substance because they were finite and limited substances</p>
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Anaximander of Miletus (Philosophy 3)

Argued for the idea of parallel universes, saying "there is a plurality of co-existence worlds which are innumerable... each is perishable, but there seems to be an unlimited number of them in existence at the same time, the worlds coming into being through eternal motion... and in addition there was an eternal motion in which the heavens came to be"

<p>Argued for the idea of parallel universes, saying "there is a plurality of co-existence worlds which are innumerable... each is perishable, but there seems to be an unlimited number of them in existence at the same time, the worlds coming into being through eternal motion... and in addition there was an eternal motion in which the heavens came to be"</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 1)

Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher

<p>Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 2)

Key Figure of the Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy, he was taught by and friends with Anaximander, was the final member of Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy

<p>Key Figure of the Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy, he was taught by and friends with Anaximander, was the final member of Milesian/Ionian Schools of (Natural) Philosophy</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 3)

Very little is known about his personal life other than that the fact that his father was a man named Eurystratos, that he was a student of and friend to Anaximander, that he most likely witnessed the Ionian Rebellion against Greek occupation, and that he wrote letters back and forth to, despite unlikely influencing, Pythagoras

<p>Very little is known about his personal life other than that the fact that his father was a man named Eurystratos, that he was a student of and friend to Anaximander, that he most likely witnessed the Ionian Rebellion against Greek occupation, and that he wrote letters back and forth to, despite unlikely influencing, Pythagoras</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 4)

Like Anaximander, the namesake philosopher managed to write his ideas down in a book (according to Diogenes Laertius), but to this day is lost

<p>Like Anaximander, the namesake philosopher managed to write his ideas down in a book (according to Diogenes Laertius), but to this day is lost</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 5)

Like Anaximander, the namesake philosopher managed to explain complex concepts in simple terms, such as explaining "condensation" as being like "felting" (when sheep's wool is compressed to make fabric for clothes) and believed that air came in "threads" which came together via "felting" (in the same way wool is "felted") so close air was a solid, less close air was a liquid, etc.

<p>Like Anaximander, the namesake philosopher managed to explain complex concepts in simple terms, such as explaining "condensation" as being like "felting" (when sheep's wool is compressed to make fabric for clothes) and believed that air came in "threads" which came together via "felting" (in the same way wool is "felted") so close air was a solid, less close air was a liquid, etc.</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 6)

One of the first western philosophers/scientists to organize the "elements", making the first western conceptualization of the Periodic Table, the lighter, hotter, and/or faster an "element", the more rarified it is (such as Fire, Air, and Wind); the heavier, colder, and/or slower an "element", the more condensed it is (such as Water, Earth, and Stones)

<p>One of the first western philosophers/scientists to organize the "elements", making the first western conceptualization of the Periodic Table, the lighter, hotter, and/or faster an "element", the more rarified it is (such as Fire, Air, and Wind); the heavier, colder, and/or slower an "element", the more condensed it is (such as Water, Earth, and Stones)</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 7)

Considered the leading figure of the Milesian School by later philosophers and the most accomplished due to his "attempt to found all quality on quantity", in other words, applying his theory of condensation and rarefaction to "explain the properties of the concrete objects of the world by a reduction of quality to quantity"

<p>Considered the leading figure of the Milesian School by later philosophers and the most accomplished due to his "attempt to found all quality on quantity", in other words, applying his theory of condensation and rarefaction to "explain the properties of the concrete objects of the world by a reduction of quality to quantity"</p>
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#03: Anaximenes of Miletus (Fact 8)

Considered the leading figure of the Milesian School by later philosophers and the most accomplished due to his "attempt to found all quality on quantity", in other words "how much rarified" or "how much condensed" is what defines something and is what places it on his primitive "periodic table", for which is the most advanced innovation of the Milesian School

<p>Considered the leading figure of the Milesian School by later philosophers and the most accomplished due to his "attempt to found all quality on quantity", in other words "how much rarified" or "how much condensed" is what defines something and is what places it on his primitive "periodic table", for which is the most advanced innovation of the Milesian School</p>
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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 1)

Philosophical school characterized by being the first to question mythology and introduce the idea that "nature answers its own questions" and that if these gods existed, would be subject to the same forces of nature that humans are subject to, eliminated polytheistic and anthropomorphological explanations of the universe and introduced natural ones

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 2)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers generally believing that the "Gods", existence, life, and nature were all interconnected and were all apart of the same system of reality

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 3)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers being the first "natural" philosophers (as opposed to "theological" philosophers or "theologians")

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 4)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers being the first "Monists", since they all sought out to explain how all of reality could be derived from a single substance or principle (as opposed to "Dualists" or "Pluralists")

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 5)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers being the first to make "logical connections", adjusting for previously existing theories or making them fit in with already existing theories in a logical way

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 6)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers adhering to a few axioms including the fact that everything in the world is constantly changing or is constantly in flux or that everything that exists is always becoming something else

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 7)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers adhering to a few axioms including the fact that every single thing that exists is different than anything else that exists, has existed, or will ever exist and that the world displays infinite variation

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 8)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers adhering to the idea that beneath the "infinite plurality of things in flux" there is a "single, permanent substance" ("the arche") and that everything, despite changing, always retains its "unity and fundamental identity"

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 9)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers being the first "Hylozoists", believing that the Principal Substance/"Arche"/The "One"/First Principal was alive, endowed with spirit, considered to be divine, and intelligent in and of itself and was the "author of its own movement", was self-caused and was the ruler of all things, guiding the births, deaths, and transformations of all things similarly to how God does

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A: Ionian School (Characteristic 1)

Term that is used to refer to the makeup of the namesake region's philosophers and where they are from which includes the Milesian and Ephesian Schools of Philosophy

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A: Ionian School (Characteristic 2)

Characterized by the namesake region being the hub for many trade routes at the time, thus although the philosophers of this school had little or no connection with one another, they all sprung up at the same time due to the fact that thoughts and ideas were flowing along these trade routes between Greece, Egypt, Babylonia, etc.

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A: Milesian School (Axiom 1)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers assuming that matter is eternal, that it always has been and always will be here (similarly to contemporary religious definitions of God) and the question on the origin of matter in the first place is not dealt with or associated with this school for it is a question that was never asked based on this assumption

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A: Milesian School (Axiom 2)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers assuming that this world is the only world

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 10)

Philosophical school characterized by its philosophers and followers being pre-Cartesian materialists in the sense that they were materialists since they tried to explain the nature of all things, of the universe, out of some fundamental material element, but that's it since they couldn't deny a distinction between matter and spirit because that had not yet come about in the world of philosophy

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A: Milesian School (Characteristic 11)

Philosophical school characterized more by its followers and philosophers being connected geographically rather than philosophically

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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 1)

Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher

<p>Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 2)

Is the first philosopher to have called himself a philosopher or "lover of wisdom"

<p>Is the first philosopher to have called himself a philosopher or "lover of wisdom"</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 3)

The namesake city in which he was born was a Presocratic; half-Greek, half-Persian city, the boundary between the Greek and Persian worlds, and therefore intellectually vibrant and likely where the namesake philosopher got his first ideas before he started traveling and/or moving around

<p>The namesake city in which he was born was a Presocratic; half-Greek, half-Persian city, the boundary between the Greek and Persian worlds, and therefore intellectually vibrant and likely where the namesake philosopher got his first ideas before he started traveling and/or moving around</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 4)

Taught by Thales, Anaximander, and Pherecydes of Syros; he (and his followers) greatly influenced Plato, especially in his teachings of the soul (the idea that the soul and body are separate and the soul moves on while the body perishes, Plato's discussion of Socrates death) and that numbers are the basis of reality (Plato's "Timmeaus"); and Euclid; and he taught Empedocles, Brontius, Lysis of Taras, Cercops, Hippasus, Zamolxis, and Theano

<p>Taught by Thales, Anaximander, and Pherecydes of Syros; he (and his followers) greatly influenced Plato, especially in his teachings of the soul (the idea that the soul and body are separate and the soul moves on while the body perishes, Plato's discussion of Socrates death) and that numbers are the basis of reality (Plato's "Timmeaus"); and Euclid; and he taught Empedocles, Brontius, Lysis of Taras, Cercops, Hippasus, Zamolxis, and Theano</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 7)

(Likely) to have studied and got his education in philosophy, math, and astronomy in Miletus, Ionia; Memphis, Egypt (at the suggestion of his teacher Thales); Tyre, Phoenicia; Byblos, Phoenicia; Babylonia; and Mesopotamia overall

<p>(Likely) to have studied and got his education in philosophy, math, and astronomy in Miletus, Ionia; Memphis, Egypt (at the suggestion of his teacher Thales); Tyre, Phoenicia; Byblos, Phoenicia; Babylonia; and Mesopotamia overall</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 6)

His father was a Phoenician merchant named Mnesarchus with whom he traveled often and his mother was a stay-at-home mother named Pythias

<p>His father was a Phoenician merchant named Mnesarchus with whom he traveled often and his mother was a stay-at-home mother named Pythias</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 8)

Moved to Croton after the rise of Polycrates or the "Tyrant" of the philosopher's namesake home city either to escape the tyrant's rule or to escape political affairs involving his early Egyptian-oriented or "Orphic Cults" such as his "semicircle"

<p>Moved to Croton after the rise of Polycrates or the "Tyrant" of the philosopher's namesake home city either to escape the tyrant's rule or to escape political affairs involving his early Egyptian-oriented or "Orphic Cults" such as his "semicircle"</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 10)

Founder of the "Mathematikoi" Cult or "learners" cult of whom developed the mathematical and scientific work of the namesake philosopher and who were taught of certain "secrets" since they were the "inner" cult as opposed to the "outer" cult (the "Akousmatikoi" Cult) despite having to abide by a series of strange but strict rules

<p>Founder of the "Mathematikoi" Cult or "learners" cult of whom developed the mathematical and scientific work of the namesake philosopher and who were taught of certain "secrets" since they were the "inner" cult as opposed to the "outer" cult (the "Akousmatikoi" Cult) despite having to abide by a series of strange but strict rules</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 11)

Associated with the "Akousmatikoi" Cult of "listeners" cult, since they were those who followed his religious, spiritual, mystical, and ritualistic teachings despite not being taught the "secrets" of the "inner" cult (the "Mathematikoi" Cult)

<p>Associated with the "Akousmatikoi" Cult of "listeners" cult, since they were those who followed his religious, spiritual, mystical, and ritualistic teachings despite not being taught the "secrets" of the "inner" cult (the "Mathematikoi" Cult)</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 12)

Fled North to Metapontum because of the threat on his life by Cylon of Croton, having died a few years after settling in Metapontum

<p>Fled North to Metapontum because of the threat on his life by Cylon of Croton, having died a few years after settling in Metapontum</p>
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Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 13)

Credited with every discovery in astronomy or math and every philosophical teaching developed within his cult despite the fact that there were other members that had originally come up with some of these discoveries and teachings

<p>Credited with every discovery in astronomy or math and every philosophical teaching developed within his cult despite the fact that there were other members that had originally come up with some of these discoveries and teachings</p>
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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 1)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras consisting of the inner cult or "Mathematikoi" and outer cult or "Akousmatikoi", of which the inner knew the secrets of the cult but had to follow stricter rules

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 2)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras based on his religious teachings and concerned with the morality of society, it was an attempt to reform the culture of Croton and teach its subjects math, music, astronomy, and philosophy while also aiding to the "tending of the soul" and promoting "soul-culture"

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 3)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras who set up the cult in a way so that every discovery in math, music, astronomy, and/or philosophy in the cult could be made so that the discovery was credited to him even if he hadn't discovered it; so that he would be perceived as a God-like figure; and so that he could become the subject of historical legend

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 4)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras whose members were required to do a number of things to retain their membership in order to "tend their soul" including being influenced by music and devotion to the study of mathematics in nature, all of which are valuable aids in "tending the soul"

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 5)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras whose members were required to do a number of things to retain their membership in order to "tend their soul" including loving one another, living ethically, sharing political beliefs, and practicing pacifism

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 6)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras whose members were required to do a number of things to retain their membership in order to "tend their soul" including not eating meat, giving up personal possessions, and observed a "rule of silence", meaning anyone who had doubts about saying something better not say it or would be punished by death for it

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 9)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras whose members could be either male or female uniquely enough at the time and although viewed women as different, they didn't view them as inferior; which was quite advanced for the time and place compared to other known societies who were sexually segregated

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B: Pythagoreanism (Fact 7)

Cult/Secret Brotherhood/Monastery/School founded by Pythagoras whose members were required to do a number of things to retain their membership in order to "tend their soul" including not eating beans, not being able to touch a white chicken, not being able to look into a mirror if it was beside a light, and not being able to cross certain roads

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Akousmatikoi (Fact 1)

Eccentric Followers of Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism that were more concerned with the religious, ritualistic, spiritual, and/or mystical teachings of the philosopher and his school

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Akousmatikoi (Fact 2)

Eccentric Followers of Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism that followed certain rules including not being able to stir a fire with a knife, not being able to wear a ring or rings, not being able to have the swallow bird present in their homes, not being able to pee facing the sun, and not being able to sacrifice white roosters

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Akousmatikoi (Fact 3)

Eccentric Followers of Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism that followed certain rules including having to rub out any mark that is made such as a mark made on a mattress after someone gets up from it or the mark a pot makes when placed in ashes and having to spit on the clippings of their nails whenever they clipped their nails

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Mathematikoi (Fact 1)

Followers of Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism that were more concerned with the scientific and mathematical teachings of the philosopher and his school

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Mathematikoi (Fact 2)

Followers of Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism, two of the most famous being Philolaus and Archytas

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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Philosophy 1)

Believed that everything and the universe can be found in the form of numbers and that numbers were the building blocks of reality

<p>Believed that everything and the universe can be found in the form of numbers and that numbers were the building blocks of reality</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Philosophy 2)

Believed that health was based on a "balance of the elements" and that such an imbalance would cause someone to be unhealthy

<p>Believed that health was based on a "balance of the elements" and that such an imbalance would cause someone to be unhealthy</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Philosophy 3)

Believed that "thought processes" and the soul were located in the brain, rather than the heart

<p>Believed that "thought processes" and the soul were located in the brain, rather than the heart</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 1)

Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher, leader (and only member) of his namesake school

<p>Ancient Greek (Ionian) Pre-Socratic Philosopher, leader (and only member) of his namesake school</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 2)

Aside from his namesake place of birth (modern Turkey), his being born to an aristocratic family, and his having been born around 540 BCE; many of the details of his personal life are shrouded in mystery or are not definitively known due to conflicting sources

<p>Aside from his namesake place of birth (modern Turkey), his being born to an aristocratic family, and his having been born around 540 BCE; many of the details of his personal life are shrouded in mystery or are not definitively known due to conflicting sources</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 3)

It is known that his father was a powerful man and that the namesake philosopher was given an honorific title and/or position of kingship (known as the office of Basileus) in his namesake city because of having been of royal descent, however he declined it and gave it to his brother, announcing he had no interest and saw no value in power or politics

<p>It is known that his father was a powerful man and that the namesake philosopher was given an honorific title and/or position of kingship (known as the office of Basileus) in his namesake city because of having been of royal descent, however he declined it and gave it to his brother, announcing he had no interest and saw no value in power or politics</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 4)

His education is quite unclear as he claims to have self-taught through endless self-questioning and arriving at ideas through inner contemplation, but some sources say he was also a student of Xenophanes

<p>His education is quite unclear as he claims to have self-taught through endless self-questioning and arriving at ideas through inner contemplation, but some sources say he was also a student of Xenophanes</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 5)

He is sometimes nicknamed the "Weeping Philosopher" for his well-known depression, melancholy, and having always been lonely, also having never traveled much (in Raphael's "School of Athens", he is depicted all by himself in deep thought)

<p>He is sometimes nicknamed the "Weeping Philosopher" for his well-known depression, melancholy, and having always been lonely, also having never traveled much (in Raphael's "School of Athens", he is depicted all by himself in deep thought)</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 6)

He is sometimes nicknamed the "Dark", or the "Obscure" for his (intentional) unclearness of his teachings and paradoxical aphorisms, thus making him quite difficult to understand

<p>He is sometimes nicknamed the "Dark", or the "Obscure" for his (intentional) unclearness of his teachings and paradoxical aphorisms, thus making him quite difficult to understand</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 7)

It is said that he made his teachings intentionally difficult to understand because he believed anything of value should be obtained through hard work and effort as he once wrote, "those who seek gold dig much earth and find a little" and also because he only wanted those with a certain degree of competence already to read into them

<p>It is said that he made his teachings intentionally difficult to understand because he believed anything of value should be obtained through hard work and effort as he once wrote, "those who seek gold dig much earth and find a little" and also because he only wanted those with a certain degree of competence already to read into them</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 8)

He is considered a misanthrope for his condescending views on even the most important and intellectual figures of his time, having mocked everyone from Persian leader Darius to fellow intellectuals Pythagoras, Homer, Hesiod, Xenophanes, Hecataeus, and Archilochus

<p>He is considered a misanthrope for his condescending views on even the most important and intellectual figures of his time, having mocked everyone from Persian leader Darius to fellow intellectuals Pythagoras, Homer, Hesiod, Xenophanes, Hecataeus, and Archilochus</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 9)

He is considered a misanthrope for his condescending views on humanity, considered most men as being useless, ignorant, and conformists as he said, "most men are bad"; it is just as much a waste of time listening to the talk of the masses as it is listening to the noises of sheep

<p>He is considered a misanthrope for his condescending views on humanity, considered most men as being useless, ignorant, and conformists as he said, "most men are bad"; it is just as much a waste of time listening to the talk of the masses as it is listening to the noises of sheep</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 16)

He spent his late life wandering mountains, eating herbs, baking in the sun, and eventually, although this is likely just a tale since there is no evidence to back this up: he died after contracting edema and visual impairment because he came to a town and riddled doctors as to whether or not one can make a drought out of a rainstorm so he buried himself in cow poop to try and show his body heat would evaporate off the water and not only did his demonstration fail but he died afterwards

<p>He spent his late life wandering mountains, eating herbs, baking in the sun, and eventually, although this is likely just a tale since there is no evidence to back this up: he died after contracting edema and visual impairment because he came to a town and riddled doctors as to whether or not one can make a drought out of a rainstorm so he buried himself in cow poop to try and show his body heat would evaporate off the water and not only did his demonstration fail but he died afterwards</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 12)

He acknowledges that it is only the rare and unique individual who has any worth having said, "one man to me is 10,000, if he be the best" as he acknowledged some men as being the best or wisest among those in politics such as "Hermodorus" who he claims was "cast out" by the officials of his (namesake) city in which he lived or "Bias, son of Teutamas" who lived in "Priene", "who is of more account than the rest"

<p>He acknowledges that it is only the rare and unique individual who has any worth having said, "one man to me is 10,000, if he be the best" as he acknowledged some men as being the best or wisest among those in politics such as "Hermodorus" who he claims was "cast out" by the officials of his (namesake) city in which he lived or "Bias, son of Teutamas" who lived in "Priene", "who is of more account than the rest"</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 13)

He is considered to have written only one book "On Nature" in which he discussed the universe, politics, and theology at length and was available in the namesake city's "Temple of Artemis" but now only exists in fragments

<p>He is considered to have written only one book "On Nature" in which he discussed the universe, politics, and theology at length and was available in the namesake city's "Temple of Artemis" but now only exists in fragments</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 14)

He is nicknamed "The Riddler" for his thorough use of various literary and rhetorical devices aimed at constructing thoughts and ideas that always had nonliteral meanings but in which he also played around with Greek word order making his work very difficult to interpret and thus why there are multiple meanings to what he means and why it seems he writes paradoxical schemes

<p>He is nicknamed "The Riddler" for his thorough use of various literary and rhetorical devices aimed at constructing thoughts and ideas that always had nonliteral meanings but in which he also played around with Greek word order making his work very difficult to interpret and thus why there are multiple meanings to what he means and why it seems he writes paradoxical schemes</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 21)

He was pantheist or at least something close to it since he believed that the world itself either is God or is a manifestation of the activity of God; but it is also accurate to describe as a monist since his Logos examines an underlying unity to the universe

<p>He was pantheist or at least something close to it since he believed that the world itself either is God or is a manifestation of the activity of God; but it is also accurate to describe as a monist since his Logos examines an underlying unity to the universe</p>
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#05.1: Heraclitus of Ephesus (Fact 17)

He is considered by many to have influenced a variety of future philosophers including Plato (who realizes knowledge is impossible because of flux but only in perception and thus concludes knowledge is only possible through the "Forms" which by definition are not perceivable)

<p>He is considered by many to have influenced a variety of future philosophers including Plato (who realizes knowledge is impossible because of flux but only in perception and thus concludes knowledge is only possible through the "Forms" which by definition are not perceivable)</p>
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#04: Pythagoras of Samos (Fact 9)

While in Croton, he (likely) made contact with the local authorities who encouraged him to teach the young people of Croton, which eventually led to the creation of his first namesake cult/sect