A Level History- Edexcel- Stuarts- Political Stability

what was tonnage and poundage?

customs duties- only granted to Charles for 1 year

who delivered the sermon at the opening of charles' first parliament?

William Laud- an arminian

What was the forced loan?

a tax levied without parliamentary consent- it was seen as a direct challenge to the power of parliament.

who was blamed for the failure at Cadiz?

Duke of Buckingham

What did parliament attempt to do to the duke of buckingham in 1625?

impeach him- for failure at cadiz- led to dissolution of parliament

What was the Five Knights Case?

5 knights that protested the forced loans and were put in prison.

What did the 'Five Knights Case' lead to?

the petition of right

What was the Petition of Right?

Parliament told the king what he can and can't do- no forced loans or taxes without parliament's consent.

When did Laud become bishop of London?

1628

When was the Petition of Right?

1628

When was the Five Knights Case?

1627

When was personal rule?

1629-1640

Who became Arch Bishop of Canterbury in 1633?

Laud

What were visitations?

checks on churches to make sure they had implemented and were following the new rules- arminian

What were some changes Laud made to the churches?

priests wear green, organs play, change to the position of the altar, vestments

What was the Book of Orders?

telling jp's what to do/ how to run their localities

What position was Wentworth appointed to in 1632?

Lord Deputy of Ireland

What was Thorough?

a scheme to establish absolute monarchy in Ireland and to increase its productivity for england- agriculture, income, english settlement

What was the Distraint of Knighthood?

anyone holding land with income of at least £40 a year who had not received a knighthood at Charles' coronation was fined

How much money was collected through the Distraint of Knighthood?

£140,000 in 2 years

What was ship money?

A tax Naval protection- used to be only in coastal towns, but now has been extended inland

what did Prynne, Burton and Bastwick do?

wrote leaflets attacking Laud

How were Prynne, Burton and Bastwick punished?

imprisoned, ears cut off, branded on cheeks

What was the ship money trial and how was it significant?

John Hampden refused to pay, when taken to court, judges ruled in Kings favour. Court said the king did have legal power to impose the tax without parliaments consent= shows kings power over parliament (entitled to do what he wants because of divine right)

What was the Prayer Book Rebellion?

new prayer book introduced in scotland- riot broke out in St Giles church- national covenant drawn up (scotland refuse to adhere to new religious changes)- led to first and second bishops war

What was the Treaty of Ripon?

the treaty Charles agreed to which stated that he would pay the Scottish army's living costs (£850/day)while they occupied Newcastle (charles forced to agree, humiliating and shows weakness of power)

What was the Triennial Act?

compelled the king to summon Parliament every three years

When was the Triennial Act?

1640

What were the Ten Propositions?

It included a request for parliament to have the power to chose the Kings ministers.

when were the 10 propositions?

1641

What was the Grand Remonstrance?

a list of criticisms of Charles' government since 1625- it asserted the 10 propositions

When was the Grand Remonstrance?

1641

What was the Arrest of the Five Members?

came as a result of fear that pym was going to impeach the queen. charles impeached the 5 leading members of the opposition, backed by 300 soldiers.- direct attack on parliaments authority

When was the arrest of the 5 members?

1642

What were the Nineteen Propositions?

These were parliament's final attempts to approach the king but they were very harsh. e.g. could control charles' children's education

When were the 19 propositions?

1642

What was Pride's Purge?

New Model Army forcefully removes members of Long Parliament

When was Pride's Purge?

1648

What was the Heads of Proposals?

calls for the division of political power among army, Parliament, and king and advocating religious tolerance for Anglicans and Puritans.

When was the Heads of Proposals?

1647

When was Charles I executed?

1649

What was the Rump Parliament?

the remaining mp's after pride's purge who declared itself to be the sole legislative authority

Why did the Rump fail?

-unpopular, and self interested
-law making was complicated and members relucatant to agree
-increase in non-conformists grew instability
- insufficient finances, raised taxes= unpopular

When was the Rump Parliament?

1649-1653

What and when was the Adultery Act?

imposed the death penalty for incest and adultery, and three months' imprisonment for fornication. 1650

what and when was the blasphemy act?

1651 restricting radical religious sects

What and when was the toleration act?

1650 religious tolerance for all. people didn't have to go to church as long as they went to some sort of religious service each week

What was the Nominated Assembly?

a hand-picked legislative group of "godly" men convened by Oliver Cromwell. intended to find a stable political form with cromwell as 'Lord protector'

Why did the Nominated Assembly fail?

Radical members such as fifth monarchists frightened the cautious members- could not agree.
moderates organised its dissolution in Dec 1653 with support from the major-general

What was the Instrument of Government?

The constitutional document that established the Protectorate. It contained 42 articles and vested executive authority in Cromwell and a Council of State of 21 members. Had to have newly elected parliament at least every 3 years.

Why did the Instrument of Government fail?

only men with at least £200 could vote
religious freedom, but no catholics

When was the Instrument of Government?

1653

what happened during the first protectorate parliament?

-successful laws passed against dunkenness, cock-fighting etc
-cromwell defended imprisoned clergyman against parliaments wishes

why did the first protectorate fail?

faced resentment from republican Mp's- failed to recognise the I of G. cromwell only concerned for army and who served it

when was the first protectorate parliament?

1654-55

What happened during the Major Generals?

-Cromwell divided england into 11 districts
-each major general would ensure JPs enforced local government and security.

Why did the Major Generals fail?

-local businesses and traditions destroyed (200 alehouses closed in Lancashire)
-unpopular and expensive to implement

when were the major generals?

1655-1656

why did the second protectorate parliament fail?

imposed strict restrictions on social activities and offered Cromwell the crown

What was the Humble Petition and Advice?

A new constitutional document offered to Cromwell by the Second Protectorate Parliament. Offered the crown to cromwell to create stability.

Why did cromwell reject the crown?

not godly to become king, believes that god chose the army to be in power.

When was the Humble Petition and Advice?

1657

What was the third protectorate parliament?

Cromwell died 1659, and his son richard took over.

Why did the protectorate as a whole fail?

-did not unify the nations
-put restrictions on peoples lives= unpopular
- did not solve financial problems

When was the Protectorate?

1653-1659

What was the Declaration of Breda?

Declared Charles II's intentions as king. It offered:
-pardon to those who fought against him
-degree of religious tolerance
-promised to discuss land confiscated during the civil war

What was the convention parliament?

-restoration on 1641 model- parl controlled army, parl called every 3 years
-dominated by presbyterians

What was the Cavalier Parliament?

After elections in 1661 produced a very Royalist Parliament it was nicknamed "Cavalier Parliament"

It lasted from 1661-1679

Why would the cavalier parliament cause further problems?

-returned power to the king
-would not restore religious conflict
-it reversed everything achieved by the civil war

What was restored to the church in 1660?

-church of england
-bishops

What was the Corporation act?

designed to destroy puritan influence.

When was the Corporation Act?

1661

What was the Quaker Act?

In 1662, the quaker act arrested quakers and quakers had to take the oath of allegiance but their beliefs rejected any type of allegiance.

What was the Act of Uniformity?

It introduced a new book of common prayer, defined how churches should be decorated and replace altars with more Protestant communion tables, dress of priests was largely catholic.

when was the act of uniformity?

1662

What was the Conventicle Act?

In 1664, it stopped meetings of more than five people outside the church.

What is the Triennial Act?

The act requires that Parliament meet for at least a fifty-day session once every three years- reinforced from old version

This was passed because Kings were ruling without Parliamentary consent.

What was the hearth tax?

A tax in every fireplace and stove in the kingdom

what was the declaration of indulgence?

Charles' attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant non-conformists and Catholics by suspending penal laws that punished people who didn't go to CofE services

why did Charles II attempt to suspend the act of uniformity?

- to provide a degree of religious tolerance
-to ease religious divisions in ireland and scotland

What are some features of foreign policy after the restoration?

-treaty of dover
-help to free crown financially from parliament
-wanted a good relationship with france, fought alonsgide them in anglo-dutch war against dutch protestants

Why did anti-catholicism increase after the restoration?

-believed great fire of london and the plague was caused by catholics
-english ships destroyed whilst fighting dutch protestants in anglo-dutch wars
-Duke of york openly catholic

why was the Treaty of Dover significant?

-gave monarch power to suspend law
-included catholics
-charles to announce his convertion to catholicism
-committed england to another dutch war

what was the treaty of dover?

England and France formally entered an alliance against the Dutch because the Dutch were their chief commercial competitor.

What was the Test Act of 1673?

catholics could not hold a position of power

What was Godden vs Hales?

broke the test act. ruled in catholics favour-making charles appear catholic

What was the Rye House Plot?

Whiggish Plot to kill Charles and his brother James to ensure succession of Duke of Monmouth (illegitimate son)

What was the 1687 Declaration of Indulgence?

religious toleration for catholics

what was the ecclesiastical commission?

a court set up by James to deal with religious cases

when was the ecclesistical commission?

1687-88