Bio unit 4- photosynthesis/respiration

autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

- capable of photosynthesis

- plants, algae, bacteria

heterotroph

An organism that gets its food by eating other living things

- animals, humans, mushrooms

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

one of the most important chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy

made of: adenine, 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

fuel supplying energy for ALL cells

3 types of energy

- chemical energy- stored in chemical compounds

- heat energy

- electrical energy

chemical energy comes from….

GLUCOSE

energy storage, glucose or ATP?

ATP- glucose burns too hot and quick

ATP comes from…

- carbohydrates(sugars)

- fats(fatty acids)

- proteins(amino acids)

stomata’s

holes on underside of leaf; carbon dioxide enters through this, oxygen is released

sunlight

white light mixture of different wavelengths of light; energy from the sun travels to earth in from of light

biochemical conversion

The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.

Bioenergetics

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

energy transformation

the process of changing one form of energy to another

photosynthesis

process by which autotrophs use the energy in sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates(sugars and starches) that can be used as food

2 major reactions that take place in photosynthesis

light dependent reactions

light independet reactions

photosynthesis takes place in the…

chloroplasts

equation for photosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis in laymans terms

6 water molecules + 6 carbon dioxide molecules are converted by light into 1 molecule of glucose and 6 oxygen molecules

equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2+ATP

respiration in laymans terms

1 molecule of glucose + 6 oxygen molecules are broke down into 6 carbon dioxide molecules and 6 water molecules releasing useable energy (ATP)

- requires OXYGEN and sugar

- occurs in all organisms with mitochondria

pigment

A colored chemical compound that absorbs light energy, producing color.

chlorophyll

green pigment found in plants/algae. absorbs light strongly in blue and red, poorly in green

Light = ENERGY

chlorophyll in chloroplasts get energy from sunlight, which make high energy electrons making photosynthesis work

chlorophyll A

SHORTER wavelength- absorbs blue

chlorophyll B

LONGER wavelength- absorbs red

why are plants green?

since leaves absorb red and blue, reflecting green

thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

grana

composed of thylakoids

calvin cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

a series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that pass along high energy electrons from the krebs cycle

- electrons convert ADP to ATP

- ATP synthase creates total 28-32 ATP

light-dependent reactions

(aka): ETC- set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH, and oxygen comes out

steps of light-dependent reacttions

1. light is absorbed by pigments in PS2, and electrons become high-energy electrons

2. electrons are then passed on to the ETC

3. electrons move through ETC from PS2—>PS1

PS1 uses energy from sun to reenergize electrons

light independent reactions

(aka): Calvin cycle- set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

process of light-independent reactions

during cycle, plants use energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high energy 6 carbon sugars (glucose). occurs in stroma.

ATP provides energy +hydrogens

6 carbons enter cycle as 6CO2 and leave as glucose

ATP synthase

Large protein acting as an enzyme that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

ADP

adenosine diphosphate, as 2 phosphate groups

- produced from the breaking of phosphate groups in ATP(energy released)

calorie

A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food

aerobic respiration

Process that happens when oxygen is present, in the mitochondria

- requires glucose and produces 34-38 ATP

cellular respiration

a series of chemical reactions where chemical energy in food is released to synthesize ATP(energy)

3 major steps involved in respiration

glycolysis

krebs cycle

electron transport chain/chemiosmosis

glycolysis

A metabolic process of 1 glucose molecule being broken in half making 2 pyruvic acid molecules

- occurs in the CYTOPLASM, gain 2 ATP

krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is converted to citric acid and broken down and carbon dioxide is released

- occurs in MITOCHONDRIA, produces 2 ATP

Anaerobic respiration

Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, in the cytoplasm

- requires glucose, produces 2 ATP per Glucose

lactic acid fermentation

occurs in humans(stiff muscles), and bacteria(cheese+yogurt). it produces lactic acid and 2 ATP.

- during short bursts of activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement ATP production from slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by cell even before oxygen levels are depleted.

lactic acid fermentation equation

glucose—> lactic acid+pyruvic acid+2 ATP

alcoholic fermentation

occurs in yeast(fungi), makes bread+alcoholic beverages

alcoholic fermentation equation

glucose—> ethanol+carbn dioxide+ 2 ATP

fermentation

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces ethanol or lactic acid.

- less efficient at using energy from glucose because only 2 ATP produced per glucose

how does water enter the plant

through the stem from the roots

final electron acceptor at end of ETC that takes on 2 hydrogen ions

oxygen

source of electrons at start of light dependent reactions

water

what is pumped by ETC proteins during ETC in both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

H+