PEDS Exam 1 infants

newborns development and theories

What is neonate?

28-30 days after birth highest risk for complication and infectiond

What is the leading cause of death for infants?

congenital anomalies, low birth weight and prematurity

What is high risk for childhood morbidity?

low birth weight, daycare, poverty, foster/adoption, obesity, abuse and neglect

What is a mature minor?

14-18 and get care for limited treatments, substance abuse, mental health, STI (confidentiality)

What is assent/dissent?

7 years or older can give consent for research or care

What is atraumatic care?

interventions to minimize psychological and physical distress

What are family systems?

What affects one will affect everyone (siblings, parents, cousins)

What are the type of parenting styles?

authoritarian (high control), authoritative, permissive, uninvolved, rejecting/neglecting

What is piagets idea of cognitive development?

biological potential and environmental, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational

What is sensorimotor stage?

Reflexes> repetitive behavior> imitation> cause and effect (gets object permanence at 4-8 months and separation at 4-6) DISCIPLINE IMPORTANT

What is preoperational stage?

2-7

What is timeline concrete operational?

7-11

What is timeline for formal operational?

11-15

What are eriksons stages?

trust vs mistrust (1 year), autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority 6-12, identity vs role confusion 12-18

What is trust vs. mistrust?

The world is good; my needs will be met by (warmth and care) or the world is chaotic and unpredictable

What are kohlbergs moral development stages?

preconventional 3-7 and conventional 8-13

What is infant?

0-1 year

What is early childhood range?

1-6 years

What is school age time line?

school age

What is adolescence timeline?

11-20 (overlap with school age due to puberty

What are the five domains of growth and development?

physical/biological, motor/physical, cognitive, social/emotional, and language/communication skills (tracking by 75% children at each milestone to keep them on track)

What us the equation for weeks of prematurity, corrected age and catch up period?

weeks of prematurity= 40-gestational birth

corrected= chronological age-weeks of prematurity

catch= # of weeks premature x 10

ex.

weeks premature= 40-32

corrected= 16-8

catch up period=

What is normal for growth of weight in a baby?

will double in weight by time they’re 4-5 months old, triple by 12 months old

What is normal length for infant?

50% increase by one year

What is infant growth in head circumference?

by one year the head=chest circumference (can expand up to three years)

What is anterior fontanel in infant?

Always assessed on an infant, diamond shape that is soft spot closes in 12-18 months (sunken=dehydrating, bulging=intracranial pressure increase)

What is rooting reflex?

turns head and sucks when cheek is stroked

What is extrusion reflex?

forces tongue outward when touches

What is moro/startle reflex?

spread out arms and pulls tight to check when noise or startle in introuduced

What is respiratory sinus arrythmia?

Inhale= HR up, exhale= HR down (gives them irregular rhythm)

What is risk for infants?

greater dehydration risk due to larger % of body water, have immature renal structures so cannot concentrate urine

What is GI for babies?

Immature digestion, regurgitation, immature liver, passes dark green meconium stool with 24-48 hours of life

How does immunity work for premature infants?

do not get antibodies since this is given in the last 3 months of pregnancy, putting them at higher risk (can be extended if giving breast milk)

What are signs of teething?

FIRST TWO ON BOTTOM 6-8 by 1 years

drooling, irritability, rubbiing ears, low grade fevers, difficulty sleeping, sucking/biting

What is gross motor skill at 2 months?

raises head when prone, moves all four extremities

What are gross motor skills at 4 months?

no head lag (pick up from back and head is above torso), rolls back to side

What are gross motor skills at 6 months?

rolls prone to supine, sit in tripod position

What are gross motor skills at 9 months?

sit unsupported

What are gross motor skills for 12 months?

pulls to stand and cruises

What are fine motor skills at 2 months?

hands mostly fisted briefly opens

What are fine motor skills at 4 months?

bats at objects, holds toy placed in hand

What is fine motor skills at 6 months?

reaches for items

What is fine motor skills for 9 months?

rakes, gross pincer grasp transfers hand to hand

What is fine motor skills for 12 months?

fine pincer grasp (higher choking hazard for small objects)

What is social and emotional development for infants?

Narcissism, selfishness, start to learn manipulation in the environment by actions, children born with temperament but changes slightly with environment

What is important to know about separation anxiety in children?

usually peaks at 9 months, is normal and will go away best to educate family members on this

What is sensory development in infants?

eyes crossed stops at 4 months old, hearing normal at birth, prefer sweet taste

What are the stages of play?

onlooker= 0-3 months only parents play

solitary play= 3-6 rattles and high contrast books

interactive games= 6-10 peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake

purposeful play= 10-12 stacking pulling, pushing things

What is nutrition for infants concerning breast feeding?

breastfeeding up to one year or as long as they can, iron fortified formula, wake newborn to feed every 2-3 hours, vitamin D supplement within first few days of breastfeeding to prevent RICKETS, iron supplement at 4 months to help

What is nutrition for infants timeline?

Introduce solids at 6 months and complementary foods for the first year, finger foods 9-10 months, no cow’s milk/honey/juice until 1 year, avoid sugar under 2 years of age, and allergens should be introduced early

When should dental care start for infants?

fluoride supplement after 6 months, brush teeth with a smear of toothpaste under 2 years

What is infant sleep?

10-20 hours, regular sleep routine by 4 months so they sleep through the night,

What is important to prevent SUID?

place on back to sleep, breastfeeding, pacifier at sleep, room sharing without bed sharing, no overheating, firm flat surface (nothing in bed)