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What are two features of the alliance systems
Mutual protection
(Britain having naval bases around france to protect them, France protecting Russia against German threats.. Austria-hungary protecting Germany from France after Franco-prussian tensions)
Shared rivals (France against Germany bc of Alsace Lorrain, Russia also against Germany as their army was growing, Britain also against germany due to growing imperial strength. Austria-Hungary and Germany both against Russia due to their railway, Italy and Germany both against France (war) + ambitions in northern africa.
What are two features of the naval race
Construction of Dreadnoughts:
The naval race between Britain and Germany was marked by the construction of dreadnoughts, Britain launched the first dreadnought in 1906, leading to intense competition as Germany built its own to rival Britain’s naval supremacy.
Naval Expansion Laws:
Germany passed several naval laws, such as the Second Navy Law of 1900, to expand its fleet and challenge Britain’s dominance. This spurred Britain to invest heavily in its navy, resulting in a rapid escalation of shipbuilding on both sides.
What are two features of the arms race on land
Army expansion (Austria-Hungary began investing in artiellery and Russia began expanding its army. Army propaganda also went up)
Construction of War plans (Shleiffen plan + plan 17)
What are two features of the first morrocon crisis
Deep-rooted colonial interests and desire for resources (coming from both France and Germany)
Humiliation of Germany at the Algeciras conference
What are two features of the second morrocon crisis
The involvment of Germany sending over warships such as the gunboat panther
Increased tensions and possibility of the war as a result of the Treaty of Fez
What are two features of the bosnia crisis
Austria-Hungary's Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
In 1908, Austria-Hungary formally annexed the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This move angered Serbia, as well as Russia, which had interests in the Balkans and supported Slavic nationalism.
International Reaction and Tensions:
The annexation sparked diplomatic protests from Serbia and Russia, and it heightened tensions between Austria-Hungary and Russia. However, Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, supported the annexation, and the other European powers (including Britain and France) eventually accepted the situation. Despite the diplomatic crisis, the region remained relatively stable, but the crisis deepened rivalries in Europe and contributed to the rising tensions that would later lead to World War I.
What are two features of the first Balkan war
Balkan League Formation:
The Balkan League, consisting of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, was formed to oppose the Ottoman Empire and drive it out of the Balkans. The League aimed to gain territories that were still under Ottoman control, particularly in the region of Macedonia.
Success Against the Ottoman Empire:
The Balkan League achieved significant military success, quickly defeating the Ottoman forces and capturing large areas, including most of the Ottoman territories in Europe. By the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire was left with only a small part of its European holdings.
What are two features of the Second balkan war
Conflict Between Former Allies:
After the First Balkan War, tensions arose within the Balkan League, particularly between Bulgaria and its allies (Serbia and Greece). Bulgaria, dissatisfied with the division of the spoils from the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, leading to the Second Balkan War.
Bulgaria's Defeat and Treaty of Bucharest:
Bulgaria was defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Bucharest (1913) resulted in Bulgaria losing much of the territory it had gained in the First Balkan War, and the boundaries of the Balkan states were redrawn. Serbia and Greece significantly expanded their territories, while Romania gained part of Bulgaria's land.
What are two features of the assassination of the Archduke
Numerous failed attempts-
Before the successful assassination on June 28, 1914, there were multiple failed attempts. One assassin, Čabrinović, threw a grenade, but it missed, injuring bystanders. Later, Gavrilo Princip succeeded when the Archduke’s car took a wrong turn, and he shot Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie.
the push for war-
The assassination led to Austria-Hungary issuing an ultimatum to Serbia, which eventually refused some terms, causing Austria-Hungary to declare war. Russia, allied with Serbia, began mobilizing, and Germany declared war on Russia. This triggered a chain of alliances, pulling Europe into World War I.
What are two features of the failure of the Shleiffen plan
Underestimation of Belgian Resistance
The Schlieffen Plan relied on a quick invasion of Belgium to bypass French defenses. However, Belgian resistance was stronger than expected, slowing down the German advance and giving France and Britain time to mobilize.
Triple Entente Counterattacks
The plan also failed to account for the speed and effectiveness of the British and French forces. After the initial German successes, the Allies launched counterattacks, particularly at the Battle of the Marne, halting the German advance and leading to the development of trench warfare.
4o mini
What are two features of the trenches
Trench Systems
Trenches were organized into a series of connected lines, with front-line trenches, support trenches and reserve trenches. These systems allowed soldiers to move between different positions for defence and resupply while reducing exposure to enemy fire.
2. Harsh Conditions
Life in the trenches was extremely difficult. Soldiers faced constant threats from enemy attacks, as well as harsh environmental conditions like mud, rats, lice, and poor sanitation, leading to diseases such as trench foot.
What are two features of the warfare
Aerial Warfare (Dogfights): Air combat, known as dogfights, became a prominent feature of World War I. Initially, planes were used for reconnaissance, and pilots were armed with revolvers or machine guns. Over time, aircraft developed into fighting machines, with innovations such as a mechanism by Dutch engineer Antony Fokker, which allowed planes to fire through the spinning propeller blades. Dogfights over the Western Front became common, and some pilots, like Baron von Richthofen, gained fame for their skill. However, the reality for most airmen was harsh, with many young men being given minimal training and facing high mortality rates.
Artillery and Gas Warfare: Artillery was essential on the Western Front, and larger, more powerful guns like Germany's 'Big Bertha' were developed to bombard enemy positions. However, artillery attacks were often unreliable, as they sometimes failed to break barbed wire or left the ground impassable. The use of poison gas, first introduced by the Germans in 1915, was another terrifying but unreliable weapon. Gas attacks caused panic, blindness, and suffocation but were difficult to control, with changing winds sometimes causing friendly fire. Both sides adapted by issuing gas masks and setting up alarm systems, but gas remained an unpredictable and feared weapon.
What are two features of the battle of Somme
1. Heavy Casualties
The Battle of the Somme, fought in 1916, resulted in over 1 million casualties, making it one of the bloodiest battles in history. Both sides suffered enormous losses, with the British losing nearly 60,000 men on the first day alone.
2. Introduction of New Weapons
The battle saw the first large-scale use of the tank in warfare. Though they were slow and prone to mechanical failure, tanks marked a significant development in military technology, offering a new approach to breaking through entrenched defenses.
What are two features of the Passchendaele
1. Horrendous Weather Conditions
The battle, fought in 1917, was severely affected by constant rainfall, which turned the battlefield into a quagmire of mud. Soldiers often struggled to move through the thick mud, and tanks, artillery, and other military equipment became bogged down.
2. Heavy Losses and Limited Gains
The battle resulted in high casualties on both sides, with an estimated 500,000 total casualties. Despite the immense losses, the British forces only advanced a few miles and failed to achieve any significant strategic breakthroughs.
What are two features of the stalemate
1. Trench Warfare
The Western Front saw entrenched positions on both sides, with soldiers digging extensive networks of trenches. This led to a static war, where neither side could make significant advances, as they were heavily fortified and protected from enemy fire.
2. Failure to Break Through
Both the Allies and Central Powers struggled to achieve decisive victories. Large offensives, such as those at the Battle of the Somme and Passchendaele, resulted in massive casualties but only limited territorial gains, keeping the front line relatively unchanged for much of the war.
What are two features of General Douglas Haig
1. Leadership During Major Battles
Haig is most known for leading British forces during key battles on the Western Front, such as the Battle of the Somme and Passchendaele. His leadership style was often criticized for heavy casualties, as he relied on large-scale offensives, but he remained committed to the strategy of attrition.
2. Controversial Tactics
Haig's tactics of using mass infantry charges and heavy artillery were controversial due to their high human cost. Critics argue that Haig failed to adapt to the new realities of modern warfare, leading to unnecessary losses, while some defend him as a leader who helped wear down the German forces.
What are two features of the Naval battles (HGYWSHDBJ)
h- success of britian, marked the start of the naval battles and sneak attack by britain
gy- Failure of Germany, Britains tenses relaxed
w,s,h- series of german raids, increase in british military propaganda
db- british victory,
j- largest naval battle 250 ships, ended in a stalemate (germany no north sea)
What are two features of the submarine warfare
Germany's strategy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
This involved attacking both military and civilian ships, including those from neutral nations, without warning. The aim was to disrupt Britain’s supply lines and block vital maritime trade. A notable incident was the sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania in 1915, which resulted in the deaths of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. The attack on Lusitania significantly contributed to the United States entering the war, as it intensified global outrage against Germany's tactics.
the use of U-boats
as a strategic weapon to target British shipping. The German U-boat campaign aimed to blockade Britain, cutting off essential supplies like food and ammunition, with the goal of weakening Britain’s war effort. Submarines provided a stealthy means of attack, making them an effective weapon in naval warfare. However, their success was not without challenges, as Britain developed convoy systems to protect merchant ships, and new technologies gradually improved detection methods, reducing the effectiveness of the U-boat threat.
What are two features of the anti-uboat measures
Convoy System: To reduce the effectiveness of U-boats attacking merchant ships, the British Royal Navy implemented the convoy system. Merchant ships were grouped together and escorted by warships, which provided protection against U-boat attacks and made it harder for submarines to target individual ships.
Depth Charges: Depth charges were explosive devices dropped from ships, designed to explode at a set depth to damage or destroy submarines. They became a key tool in anti-submarine warfare, used to force U-boats to surface or to directly damage them when located.
What are two features of the lusitania event
Sinking by a German U-boat: On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat off the coast of Ireland. The attack resulted in the deaths of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. The event caused international outrage, particularly in the United States, and contributed to the growing tensions that led to America's entry into World War I.
Controversy over Cargo: There was controversy surrounding the cargo of the Lusitania, as it was revealed that the ship was carrying munitions for the British war effort. Germany had warned passengers not to travel on ships carrying military supplies, and some argued that the ship’s cargo made it a legitimate military target. However, the sinking was still viewed by many as an act of aggression.
What are two features of the us entry into the war
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germany resumed the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917, where U-boats would target and sink any ship, including civilian and neutral ships, around the British Isles. The most notable incident was the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, but after the resumption of this policy, American public opinion turned sharply against Germany. The sinking of American merchant ships and the threat to American lives contributed significantly to the U.S. decision to enter the war.
The Zimmermann Telegram: In January 1917, British intelligence intercepted a secret message from Germany to Mexico, known as the Zimmermann Telegram. The telegram proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico, promising Mexico the return of territories like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they joined the war against the United States. When the telegram was made public, it further inflamed anti-German sentiment in the U.S. and played a key role in convincing President Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war in April 1917.
What are two features of russias exist out of the war
The Russian Revolution: In 1917, Russia experienced a series of political upheavals, including the February Revolution, which led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. This was followed by the October Revolution, where the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power. The instability caused by the revolution and the collapse of the Russian monarchy made it difficult for Russia to continue its involvement in the war.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: In March 1918, after the Bolshevik takeover, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, officially ending their participation in World War I. The treaty recognized the loss of significant Russian territories, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic States, but allowed the new Bolshevik government to focus on consolidating power internally and dealing with the Russian Civil War.
What are two features of the gallipoli campaign
Failure to Achieve Strategic Objectives: The Gallipoli Campaign, launched in April 1915, aimed to secure a sea route to Russia by capturing the Dardanelles and Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). The Allies hoped to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war and provide support to Russia. However, the operation failed due to strong Turkish defenses, poor planning, and strategic miscalculations, resulting in heavy casualties and no significant territorial gain.
High Casualties and Endurance of Troops: The campaign resulted in over 250,000 casualties from both sides. The Allies faced difficult terrain, inadequate supplies, and ineffective leadership. The prolonged trench warfare, along with diseases like dysentery and typhoid, caused great suffering for the soldiers. Ultimately, the Allies were forced to evacuate from Gallipoli in January 1916, marking it as a costly and unsuccessful military endeavor.
What are two features of the sleffien plan and plan 17
Schlieffen Plan:
Focus on a Rapid Victory in the West: The Schlieffen Plan, created by German Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen, aimed to avoid a two-front war by first quickly defeating France. The plan involved a rapid invasion of France through Belgium, bypassing the heavily fortified French-German border. Once France was defeated, Germany would turn its attention to Russia.
Failure to Execute: The Schlieffen Plan failed due to several factors, including Belgium's resistance, the unexpected speed of Russian mobilization, and miscalculations about the size of the French army. The German forces became overstretched, and the plan ultimately led to a stalemate on the Western Front.
Plan 17:
French Offensive Strategy: Plan 17 was the French military strategy during the early stages of World War I. Its main focus was on a bold offensive into Alsace and Lorraine, territories taken by Germany in the Franco-Prussian War. The French hoped to recapture these areas and deliver a decisive blow to German forces.
Failure and Heavy Losses: Plan 17 also failed, as the French offensive was poorly coordinated and heavily reliant on outdated tactics. The German army quickly counterattacked and repelled the French forces, leading to significant French casualties and the failure to achieve the strategic objectives.
What are two features of the u-boat threat to britain
Blockade of Shipping Routes: German U-boats (submarines) targeted British merchant ships to disrupt vital supplies, such as food, weapons, and raw materials. This campaign, known as unrestricted submarine warfare, aimed to cut off Britain's supply lines across the Atlantic. The U-boats would sink any ship they encountered, including civilian vessels, which led to significant losses of merchant ships and a threat to Britain's ability to sustain its war effort.
The Sinking of the Lusitania: One of the most infamous incidents linked to the U-boat threat was the sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania by a German U-boat in May 1915. The attack killed 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. This event provoked international outrage and contributed to the growing pressure on the United States to join the war against Germany, highlighting the severe impact of the U-boat threat on civilian and military shipping.
What are two features of the german reasons to fail
U.S. Entry into the War: The United States' entry into the war in 1917 was a turning point. Germany's decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare, which targeted neutral and civilian ships, angered the U.S. and led to its declaration of war. The U.S. brought fresh troops, resources, and financial support to the Allies, tipping the balance of power in their favor and contributing to Germany's eventual defeat.
Internal Unrest and the Collapse of Morale: As the war dragged on, Germany faced growing internal unrest. The prolonged conflict led to food shortages, economic hardship, and widespread suffering among the population. Strikes, protests, and a general collapse in morale among both soldiers and civilians weakened Germany's war effort. By 1918, the German military and civilian governments were on the brink of collapse, contributing to the eventual signing of the armistice.
What are two features of the allied drive to victory
The Impact of Fresh American Troops and Resources: The arrival of large numbers of fresh American troops and supplies in 1917-1918 gave the Allies a significant boost. This influx of manpower, along with economic and logistical support, helped to replenish the exhausted Allied forces and provided a much-needed advantage on the Western Front, especially after the German spring offensives in 1918.
The Failure of the German Spring Offensives: In 1918, Germany launched a series of offensives, hoping to break the stalemate before American forces could fully arrive. However, these offensives overstretched German forces and ultimately failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. The Allied forces, bolstered by American support, counterattacked successfully, pushing German forces back and eventually leading to the collapse of the German front lines.
