AP World Unit 3 Vocab

Ghazi Ideal

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as holy fighter for Islam

Castes

or Jatis

Ming Dynasty

government created in China following the fall of the Yuan dynasty; stabilized East Asia and interacted with the Portuguese and European explorers; exported porcelain (Ming China)

Manchu

invading group from the north of China that conquers the Ming Dynasty and establishes the Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

dynasty created by the Manchu in China that lasts until the establishment of the Chinese Republic in 1911; interacts with Europeans fighting for systems of independence and inclusion in the global community

Gunpowder Empires

large multi-ethnic states of Southwest

Ottoman Empire

largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period—centered in Istanbul and controlling territory from eastern Europe through the Middle East and North Africa

Shah

title for king or emperor in the Safavid Empire

Safavid Empire

Shi'a Gunpowder empire in Persia/Iran; frequently in conflict with surrounding Sunni empires

Mughal Empire

Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the sixteenth through the eighteenth century; Taj Mahal construction represents their splendor; aside from Akbar’s reign

Ivan IV (Russia)

Ivan the Terrible; crowned tsar in 1547; expanded borders eastward by taking control of the Khanates

Suleiman I (Ottoman Empire)

sultan at the empire’s peak; expanded into Austria and the eastern Mediterranean; called the “Magnificent” or the “Lawgiver”

Ismail (Safavid)

founder of the Safavid dynasty

Shah Abbas I (Safavid)

fifth Safavid Shah of Iran

Akbar (Mughal)

third Mughal emperor (1556–1605); expanded and consolidated Mughal domains with the help of regent Bairam Khan

Gutenberg Printing Press

movable-type press created by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany; increased literacy and influenced the Protestant Reformation

Boyars

members of the old aristocracy in Russia

Serfdom

status of peasants under feudalism involving debt bondage and indentured servitude

Divine Right of Kings

doctrine that monarchs receive authority from God and rebellion is a sin

English Bill of Rights

1689 British law stating rights and liberties of the people and settling succession after the Glorious Revolution

Absolute

monarchical government where the ruler has unrestricted power; linked to divine-right philosophy

Louis XIV (France)

Bourbon king from 1643–1715; expanded royal power and rebuilt Versailles

Romanov Dynasty

ruling family of Russia from 1613 to 1917

Devshirme

Ottoman system requiring Christian boys in the Balkans to serve the sultan

Janissaries

elite Ottoman infantry serving as household troops and bodyguards—the first modern standing army in Europe

Daimyo

powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan

Tokugawa Ieyasu

founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan from 1600–1867

Askia the Great

emperor and reformer of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor under whom major architectural works were built

Tax Farmers

private individuals granted the right to collect state taxes in exchange for paying a set fee

Zamindars

South Asian landowning aristocrats in the Mughal Empire controlling local territories

Versailles

royal residence built by Louis XIV; famous for its gardens

Taj Mahal

white marble mausoleum at Agra built by Shah Jahan for his wife

Henry VIII (England)

king who separated the English Church from the pope’s authority after being denied a marriage annulment

Spanish Armada

Spanish invasion fleet sent against England in 1588; defeated and destroyed by English forces and storms

Peace of Augsburg

1555 settlement allowing German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism

Edict of Nantes

decree granting French Protestants (Huguenots) significant rights in a largely Catholic nation

Thirty Years' War

destructive Central European war (1618–1648) causing about eight million deaths from war

Peace of Westphalia

treaties of 1648 ending Europe’s wars of religion

Indulgences

reductions of punishment for sin

Simony

selling of church offices and roles

Counter-Reformation

Catholic movement responding to the Protestant Reformation

Inquisition

Catholic institutions aimed at combating heresy

Jesuits

Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation

95 Theses

Luther’s 1517 propositions for academic debate

John Calvin

French-born Swiss theologian whose ideas shaped Presbyterianism

Predestined

doctrine that God wills all events

Puritans

English Protestants seeking further reform of the Church of England in the late 16th and 17th centuries

Protestant Reformation

16th-century movement reshaping Europe’s religious and political landscape

Anglican Church

Christian tradition growing from the Church of England after the Reformation

Shariah

Islamic religious law derived from the Quran and Hadith

Sikhism

monotheistic religion from the Punjab region emphasizing devotion

Empiricism

theory that knowledge comes from sensory experience

Council of Trent

major Catholic council responding to the Protestant Reformation