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Ottomans
Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922.
sultan
An Arabic word used by the Ottomans to describe a supreme political and military ruler.
viziers
Chief assistants to the caliphs.
devshirme
A process whereby the sultan’s agents took Christian youths to be trained as soldiers or civil servants.
janissaries
Turkish for 'new soldiers'; they formed the elite army corps.
concubine
An enslaved woman whose primary role was to have sexual relations with the male slave owner.
shah
Persian word for 'king'.
Safavid
The dynasty that ruled all of Persia and other regions from 1501 to 1722; its state religion was Shi'ism.
Qizilbash
Nomadic tribesmen who supplied the early Safavid state with military troops in exchange for grazing rights.
ulama
Religious scholars who interpret the Qur’an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammad.
Sufism
The mystical and ascetic strain of Islam that was influential for all three empires.
Mughal
A term used to refer to the Muslim empire of India, the largest, wealthiest, and most populous of the Islamic empires of the early modern world.
Gunpowder Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires which were early adopters of gunpowder weapons.
sepoys
The native Indian troops who were trained as infantrymen.