Psych 101 CH. 1-3

Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the storage and recall of facts, concepts, and knowledge about the world, independent of personal experience. You dont remember where you got it from.

Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the storage and recall of personal experiences and specific events. Strong Emotional ties to it aid memory.

what part of the empirical journal is in the beginning

abstract

empirical method

Method to obtain information based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

order of empirical journal

Abstract, introduction, Materials/Methods, Results, and Discussion

who developed introspection and what is it

William Wundt developed introspection and its the self examination and

reporting of one's conscious experience

Wundts Beliefs of purpose of psychology

He believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience

who believed in voluntarism (and what is it first)

Voluntarism: belief that people have free will and should know the intentions of a psychological experiment if they were participating. Wundt believed in it

Edward Titchener developed what (and measured what in experiements)

Structuralism: breaking down of the conscious experience into mental components. Experiments measured rxn times to 1000th of a second

Psychoanalytic Theory vs Psychodynamic Theory

Psychoanalytic Theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, very probing. Psychodynamic was more about talking about your day and more present focused.

Freuds beliefs of the mind

the unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness. Gaining access to the unconscious, then, was crucial to the successful resolution of the patient’s problems.

why was Freud important; how did he change psychology

shifted focus from hysteria (was the diagnosis for a wide array of problems from mental to physical). he challenged it and believed most problems are from the unconscious mind

Freuds broad contributions

the importance of childhood experiences in adult motivation, the role of unconscious versus conscious motivations in driving our behavior, the fact that motivations can cause conflicts that affect behavior

controversial later critisized views of Freud

Freud initially endorsed using cocaine to treat depression, later he wrote that it’s too

addictive to be helpful

Gestalt principals

we make assumptions all at once, we see things as whole not individual parts

who introduced the U.S to Gestalt Principals

Max Wertheimer , Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler

classical conditioning

an unconscious learning process where an automatic, involuntary response becomes paired with a previously neutral environmental stimulus

Whos the famous classical conditioning guy and what did he use to test it

Pavlov and his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

behaviorism and why is it important

if we cant measure it, it isnt worth studying thought= studying behavior rather than the mind. Helped establish Psychology as a real scientific dicipline

what did John B. Watson Believe

Behaviorism

which dicipline usually uses rats in its experiments

Behaviorism because the think what was learned using animal models could, to some degree, be applied to human behavior

B.F Skinner belief

bheaviorism- and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences (punishments= major motivator).

whats the Skinner Box

a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button. When the animal pushes the button or lever, the box is able to deliver a positive reinforcement of the behavior (such as food) or a punishment

Humanistic Psychology

a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans (started because people didnt like the pessimism and determinism of behaviorism)

what did Maslow and Rogers believe

humanistic psychology

order of maslows hierarchy bottom to top

Physiological (warmth food shelter), security( safety), social (friends/family), esteem (confidence), self actualization (inner fulfillment)

what was Noam Chomsky responsible for (define it)

cognitive revolution (emergence of new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science within cognition)

retrospective problems with John B Watson

didnt velieve in visual imagery or how to measure it bc behaviorism

biological pscyhology

psych through the perspective of biological systems

evolutionary psychology

looks at evolutions impact on contemporary behaviors

cognitive psychology

looks at psychology specifically at cognition

inattentional blindness

lack of seeing something that isnt meant to be seen

developmental psychology

how psychology develops across the life-span (also focus on cognitive skills)

personality psychology

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

social psychology

how we interact with and relate to others, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behaviors of others, prejudice, and attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. also focuses on prejudice and attraction

I-O (industrial Organizational psychology)

applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings. like personnel changes or work environment

health psychology

how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

counseling psychology

emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy

clinical psychology

diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

forensic psychology

works with judicial system to assess a person’s competency to stand trial, assess the state of mind of a defendant, act as consultants, consult on sentencing and treatment recommendations, and advise on issues such as eyewitness testimony and children’s testimony. acts as expert witness (3/10 success rate)

comparative psychologist

compares differences betweenprimates and humans

counseling psychologist

help people make adjustments and deal with less serious problems

educational psychologist

develop tests to measure intellectual ability / potential

environmental psychologist

study relationships between environment and people in two ways: 1, how does overcrowding, noise, or air pollution make a difference? 2, how do we get people to care more about the environment

health psychologist

looks at stress, lifestyle, and attitude towards physical health

consumer psychologist

look at brands / advertising

neuropsychologist

study the relationship between the brain and behaviors

gereopsycholgist

study aging specifically

sports psycholgist

look at the principles of sports and competition

what steps are involved in hypothesis testing

theory, generate hypothesis, collect data, analyze data, summarize data and report findings, confirm or adjust theory

what is a case study

in-depth and usually only involve one person, usually less than 4 and following them over time; Jean Piaget watched his children to create the theory of cognitive development

what does a case study need ot be generalizable

lots of repetition with different individuals

Naturalistic observation and what do you need to od to make it work

observing behavior in its natural setting (like just observing the natural world)

to make it work researcher needs to be as inconspicuous as possible

what is observer bias

people act differently when they know they are being observed

Survey (pros and cons)

fill out a document on your own, your choice. Pro: t’s easy to get a LOT of participants compared to more intensive case studies. Con: you also won’t get as much information per person/ inaccurate responses

Archivable Research

relies on looking at past records or data sets that already exists to look for interesting patterns or relationships

Longitudinal research

a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time for the same people. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again at age 40

Cross sectional Research

research design which data-gathering is administered to different groups of different ages. Compares multiple segments of a population at the same time.

why do we want a bigger sample

more people makes it more generalizable

correlational research

no independant variable

causation

true experiment: independent and dependent variable

Main purpose of the brain

to sense the environment and then respond to it

function of the dendrite

accept information form another neuron

function of axon terminal

send information to other neurons dendrites

5 step process of action potentials

1) stimulus 2) depolarizations (sodium in) 3) Repolarization potassium out 4) hyperpolarization 5) resting state

sensory neural network

senses stimuli

interneurons

associates sensory stimuli and motor function

motor neurons

motor functions

how does adderall affect the brain and neurotransmitter release

Amphetamine (the active ingredient in Adderall) enters nerve terminals and forces dopamine out of storage vesicles.

Reverses transporters: It makes dopamine transporters run backward, actively pumping more dopamine into the synapse (the space between neurons).

Blocks reuptake: It stops the brain from clearing dopamine away quickly, keeping levels high for longer periods

how does meth im[act brain system

Massive Release: Methamphetamine enters nerve cells and

forces them to release huge amounts of stored dopamine all at

once.

Blocking Recycling: The drug stops the brain from recycling excess dopamine, trapping the chemical in the spaces between cells (synapses).

Extreme Comparison: While natural rewards like food or sex might double baseline dopamine levels, methamphetamine can multiply them tenfold or more, creating an intense, artificial rush of euphoria

how does acohol impact brain systems

Channels: When alcohol enhances GABA receptors, it keeps

chloride channels open longer, letting negatively charged ions into neurons and reducing their responsiveness.

Calming and Sedative Effects: This boosted inhibition causes reduced anxiety, slurred speech, poor coordination, and sedation

crebellum

motor control, enormous for elephants

lobes of the brain

Temporal, Occipital, Parietal, and Frontal

function of occipital

sight

function of temporal lobe

linguistic memory

function of parietal lobe

movement, sensation, and spacial awareness

function of frontal lobe

decision making, mvmt, inhibition

why myelin sheath important

speeds up communication across axon

what is the abstract of an empirical article

the summary in the beginning

What is in the Introduction of an empirical article

includes background information and a description of the authors purpose

What is in the materials and methods section of an empirical article

details on how the experiment was conducted with enough detail that it could be repeated by others

what is in the results section of an empirical article

includes new observations, data findings, and figures

whats in the Discussion section of an empirical article

a description of what the findings mean and their implications, also addresses potential criticisms

whast the pons do

controls unconcious motor controls

Tuskegee Syphillis experiment

falsley informed a targeted minority that they were going to get treatment for syhphillis but it was truly just observation of syphillis effects. problem also is that it ocntinued for 40 years even after the cure was approved.

3 main issues of Tuskegee expreiemnt

1. The men were not treated respectfully; in fact, they were blatantly lied to and

information, such as the cure to their disease, was withheld.

• 2. The men were harmed by not being told about treatment and various “special

free treatments” done for analysis.

• 3. The researchers targeted a specific disadvantaged social group

Milgram study

had people press a electric shock to “another participant” if they got questions wrong. it was staged so they would have to go all the way, 65% did go to the top level after the other oparticiapnt “passed out”

problem with milgram study

during the debriefing, participants were not informed of the manipulation; that

changed shortly after this experiment

Stanford prison experiment

interviewed and selected students to participate and see how cruel they could be to another if they had power vs no power. lots of uncertainty abt credibility

omission

withhold some detail sof the study

comission

actively lie to participants