Human Nutrition - Energy

These flashcards focus on key concepts related to energy, metabolism, and nutrition from the Human Nutrition lecture notes.

What is energy defined as in the context of human nutrition?

The capacity to do work.

What are the two classifications of energy?

Potential energy and kinetic energy.

How is energy measured in the context of food?

In kilocalories (kcal), commonly referred to as a Calorie.

What is the potential energy of food calculated with?

Using a bomb calorimeter.

What is the energy yield of carbohydrates and proteins per gram?

4 kcal/gram.

What is the energy yield of triglycerides per gram?

9 kcal/gram.

What is ATP and its role in cellular metabolism?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency used by cells to drive chemical reactions.

What are catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism includes all metabolic processes involved in breaking down molecules, while anabolism involves building larger molecules.

What is glycolysis?

The first step of glucose breakdown which yields two ATP and two pyruvate molecules.

What is gluconeogenesis?

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, generally amino acids.

What is the relationship between energy balance and body weight?

Energy balance is maintained when energy intake equals energy expenditure.

What is the role of BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)?

The amount of energy required to maintain basic physiological functions at rest.

What is lipogenesis?

The process of creating lipids (fats) from excess glucose.

What factors can contribute to the development of obesity?

Genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.

What is the significance of BMI (Body Mass Index) in assessing health risk?

BMI is used to categorize weight status and assess the risk of chronic diseases associated with overweight and obesity.

What are the health consequences of being overweight or obese?

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.

What is recommended for successful weight management?

A combination of dietary modifications and increased physical activity.

What is the effect of age on caloric needs?

Caloric needs generally decrease with age due to declines in basal metabolic rate.

What is the main control a person has over total energy expenditure?

To increase physical activity.

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

Adjustments the body makes in response to environmental changes, such as cold.

What is the purpose of bariatric surgery?

To aid in weight loss for individuals with clinically severe obesity.