Professional Education LET Reviewer Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering core concepts, theories, laws, and definitions across all 5 Pillars of Professional Education for LET review.

Idealism

Educational philosophy associated with Plato and Socrates asserting that ideas and spiritual values are the ultimate reality, not physical matter.

Realism

Educational philosophy associated with Aristotle and John Locke holding that reality exists objectively outside the mind and is perceived through the senses.

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's concept stating that the human mind at birth is a blank slate awaiting sensory experience.

Pragmatism / Experimentalism

Philosophy associated with John Dewey and Charles S. Peirce that defines truth by its practical consequences, workability, and real-world results.

Existentialism

Philosophy associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Soren Kierkegaard anchored in the principle 'Existence precedes essence' and individual freedom of choice.

Essentialism

Educational philosophy advocated by William C. Bagley that promotes a 'back-to-basics' curriculum centered on the 3 R's and core disciplines, adapting basic skills to modern society.

Perennialism

Educational philosophy advocated by Robert M. Hutchins and Mortimer Adler that emphasizes universal, everlasting truths and the study of the Great Books.

Progressivism

Educational philosophy associated with John Dewey that views the school as a democratic community centered around child interests and problem solving.

Social Reconstructionism / Critical Pedagogy

Educational philosophy associated with George Counts, Theodore Brameld, and Paulo Freire charging schools with actively reforming society and eliminating social injustices.

Banking Concept of Education

Paulo Freire's critique of traditional education where teachers deposit facts into passive students; advocates Problem-Posing dialogue instead.

Behaviorism

Philosophy associated with B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson asserting that human behavior is entirely shaped by environmental stimuli and reinforcement.

Humanism

Educational philosophy associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasizing self-actualization, affective growth, and unconditional positive regard.

Constructivism

Theory associated with Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Jerome Bruner asserting that learners actively construct new knowledge upon prior schemas through inquiry.

Confucianism

Eastern philosophy founded by Confucius emphasizing filial piety (Xiao), humaneness (Ren), and ritual propriety (Li).

Taoism / Daoism

Eastern philosophy founded by Lao Tzu advocating living in harmony with nature and practicing 'Wu Wei' (effortless, spontaneous action).

Kapwa

Core Filipino indigenous value embodying shared identity and treating the other as part of oneself (shared inner self).

Object Permanence

Piagetian cognitive milestone occurring in the Sensorimotor Stage ($\sim 8\text{--}12$ months) when an infant understands that hidden objects still exist.

Egocentrism

Cognitive limitation in Piaget's preoperational stage that prevents a child from seeing perspectives other than their own.

Conservation

Cognitive milestone attained in Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage ($\sim 7\text{--}11$ years) when a child understands that the quantity of a substance remains identical despite changes in its shape.

Assimilation

The cognitive process of fitting new information into an existing mental schema without altering the schema.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Lev Vygotsky's term for the distance between independent performance and guided potential performance.

Scaffolding

Temporary instructional support provided by a teacher or peer to help a learner achieve proficiency in a task within their Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

Pre-conventional Level (Stage 1)

Stage 1 in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development characterized by a Punishment and Obedience Orientation where rules are strictly obeyed to avoid physical punishment.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erik Erikson's psychosocial crisis characterizing primary school-age children (ages $6\text{--}12$) focused on developing competence in intellectual and social skills.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erik Erikson's central psychosocial crisis defining adolescence (ages $12\text{--}18$) focused on forming a coherent personal and vocational identity.

The Id

Component of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality that operates strictly on the 'pleasure principle'.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning achieved by observing the consequences of others' behavior within Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory.

Microsystem

The layer in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory representing the child's immediate direct environment (such as family or classroom).

Mesosystem

The layer in Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory representing the relationship and interaction between two microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher conference).

D-Needs (Deficiency Needs)

The four lower needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (physiological, safety, belongingness, and esteem) that precede cognitive needs.

Bruner's Modes of Mental Representation

Jerome Bruner's developmental sequence of cognitive representation moving from Enactive (action-based) to Iconic (image-based) to Symbolic (language/symbol-based).

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation demonstrated by a student who studies purely out of sheer fascination and joy in solving complex problems.

Median

The measure of central tendency defined as the physical midpoint of ordered scores, which is most reliable when extreme outliers are present.

Homogeneous Scores

Score distribution result indicated by a low standard deviation, where scores are tightly clustered around the class mean.

Heterogeneous Scores

Score distribution result indicated by a high standard deviation, where scores are widely spread across diverse ability levels.

Positively Skewed Distribution

A right-skewed distribution where $\text{mean} > \text{median} > \text{mode}$, indicating that most examinees obtained low scores and the test was difficult.

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A left-skewed distribution where $\text{mode} > \text{median} > \text{mean}$, indicating that most examinees obtained high scores and the test was easy.

Leptokurtic Distribution

A distribution with positive excess kurtosis, indicating a heavier-tailed distribution relative to a normal distribution.

Platykurtic Distribution

A distribution with negative excess kurtosis, indicating a lighter-tailed distribution relative to a normal distribution.

Spearman-Brown Principle

Psychometric concept stating that the most direct method to increase the reliability coefficient of an objective test is to increase the number of well-crafted, homogeneous test items.

Norm-Referenced Score Interpretation

Assessment evaluation approach that interprets an individual's performance relative to the distribution of peers.

Criterion-Referenced Score Interpretation

Assessment evaluation approach that compares individual performance against a predetermined proficiency benchmark.

Diagnostic Assessment

Assessment whose primary instructional purpose is identifying specific learning difficulties and prerequisite gaps before instruction.

Assessment FOR Learning

Formative assessment practices, such as immediate exit tickets, used by teachers to adjust ongoing instruction.

Assessment AS Learning

Self and peer assessment process where students monitor their own metacognition and set personal goals.

Holistic Rubric

Scoring tool that evaluates overall performance as a single unified score without scoring individual criteria separately.

Analytic Rubric

Scoring tool that evaluates distinct criteria independently with descriptive performance levels for detailed feedback.

Republic Act No. 7836

The Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994, which institutionalized the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) and created the Board for Professional Teachers.

Republic Act No. 9293

Statute amending RA 7836 that allows examinees with a general rating of $70.00\%$ to $74.99\%$ to be issued special permits to serve as para-teachers.

Republic Act No. 4670

Philippine law approved on June 18, 1966, officially designated as the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.

Republic Act No. 10533

Philippine statute officially designated as the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 (K to 12 Law).

DepEd Order No. 40, s. 2012

DepEd issuance establishing the Child Protection Policy in all basic education schools, mandating zero tolerance for abuse, violence, exploitation, and discrimination.

Republic Act No. 10627

Philippine statute officially titled the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013.

Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST)

Framework defining teacher quality in the Philippines through 7 domains, 37 strands, and 4 career stages (DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2017).

Republic Act No. 10912

Law officially titled the CPD Act of 2016, which institutionalized mandatory Continuing Professional Development for all regulated professions in the Philippines.

Tyler's Rationale

Deductive, linear 4-step curriculum model developed by Ralph Tyler following Objectives $\rightarrow$ Experiences $\rightarrow$ Organization $\rightarrow$ Evaluation.

Taba's Inverted Model

Inductive 'grassroots' curriculum development model designed directly by classroom teachers (Hilda Taba).

Written Curriculum

According to Allan Glatthorn, the official curriculum mandated in course syllabi, curriculum guides, and textbooks.

Hidden Curriculum

The unintended, unwritten cultural messages, values, and norms absorbed by students in school.

Creating (Revised Bloom's Taxonomy)

The highest cognitive process dimension in the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, involving generating, planning, or producing new structures.

Spiral Curriculum

Jerome Bruner's curriculum approach of revisiting core ideas repeatedly across time with increasing depth and sophistication.

Direct, Purposeful Experiences

The band occupying the base of Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience, providing direct, hands-on first-hand sensory reality.

TPACK Framework

Educational technology framework by Mishra & Koehler describing the interplay between Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge.

Redefinition (SAMR Model)

The highest level in Ruben Puentedura's SAMR model where technology allows for the creation of previously inconceivable tasks.

Withitness

Jacob Kounin's classroom management term for a teacher's ongoing awareness of everything happening across all areas of the classroom.

Overlapping

Jacob Kounin's classroom management concept referring to a teacher successfully handling two or more simultaneous classroom events or groups.

Thrust

A movement management error in Jacob Kounin's model where a teacher abruptly bursts into an activity without assessing student readiness.

Dangle

A movement management error in Jacob Kounin's model where a teacher leaves an activity hanging in the air and moves to another task.

Dreikurs' Four Mistaken Goals

Rudolf Dreikurs' classification of misbehavior goals in students: Attention getting, Power struggle, Revenge, and Display of inadequacy.

Assertive Discipline

Lee Canter's classroom management model characterized by clear, firm expectations, consistent follow-through, and calm enforcement without hostility.

Inductive Approach

Instructional approach that moves sequentially from specific concrete examples to general principles or rules.

Differentiated Instruction

Framework by Carol Ann Tomlinson where teachers adapt Content, Process, Product, and Learning Environment to meet student needs.