NRSG 200: Human Growth and Development EXAM 1

social determinants of health

_____ are conditions in which people are born, grow, work, and live and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life

6 months

At what age do infants sit unsupported?

Autonomy vs Shame

What is the psychosocial stage/conflict of toddlers (age 1-3) according to Erikson?

Embryonic

What period during pregnancy is most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens?

zone of proximal development (vygotsky's sociocultural theory)

The ___ refers to the area in which a person is capable of learning if they have helped from a skilled individual.

6 weeks (2 months)

When do infants display social smile?

down syndrome

Higher maternal age is associated with what chromosomal abnormality?

X-linked recessive

Disorders that are of ___ inheritance pattern affect males; females are carriers.

microsystem

According to Brofenbrenner's bioecological model, family members would be part of an individual's ____.

caregiver responsiveness

The most important determinant of infant attachment is ____.

Oral

According to Freud, infants learn about the world through ____ interactions.

12 months

When do infants have their first word?

Autosomal recessive

There is a 25% chance for a disease in the offspring of two individuals who are carriers. The inheritance pattern for this disease is ____.

object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when outside the sensory awareness is ____.

incomplete dominance

___ is a genetic inheritance pattern in which both genes influence the characteristic.

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

What theory suggests that we can learn by observing others and that individual factors and the environment influence behavior?

epigenetics

___ refers to the modification of the expression of genes rather than the genetic code itself.

24 weeks

Viability of the fetus is reached at ___ weeks.

endoderm

Respiratory and digestive systems arise from the ____ layer.

4 months

At what age do babies develop no head lag?

sensorimotor

According to Piaget, infants/toddlers are in the ____ stage of development.

9 months

At what age should the pincer grasp be achieved?

2-3 hours

Newborns eat every ___ hours.

heart/cardiac (heart pumps by 4 weeks)

The first fully functioning organ system in the body is the ____.

6 months

Infants should double their birthweight by ____.

1 year

Infants should triple their birthweight by ___.

Babinski

elicited by stroking the bottom of infant's foot, which results in the fanning of the toes.

lifespan development

ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives from conception until death

prenatal, infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, death

phases of life

conception-birth

prenatal

birth-2 years

infancy and toddlerhood

2-6 years

early childhood

6-11 years

middle childhood

12-18 years

adolescence

18-40 years

early adulthood

40-65 years

middle adulthood

65+ years

late adulthood

multidimensional

entails changes in many areas

multidirectional

consists of gains/losses and growth/decline

plastic

changeable

nature

developmental change is caused by genetics, maturational processes, and evolution

nurture

individuals are molded by the physical and social environment in which they are raised, including the home, school, workplace, neighborhood, and society

multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, influenced by multiple contexts (when+where a person develops, history-graded and age-graded influences)

characteristics of development

continuous development

gradual, smooth changes across the lifespan

discontinuous development

new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at different times; changes occur in stages

biology, experience

human development is shaped by a dynamic and continuous interaction between _____ and ______.

theory

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior

people

_____ are active participants in their own development

timing

_____ of experiences matter

psychoanalytic theories

development is shaped through a series of stages in which people confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

behavior is driven by unconscious impulses outside our awareness

Oral 0-18 months

Stage 1 of Freud's psychosexual theory (learn about world through ____ interactions)

Anal 18 months-3 years

Stage 2 of Freud's psychosexual theory (basic drives oriented towards ___)

Phalic 3-6 years

Stage 3 of Freud's psychosexual theory (romantic desire for opposite sex parent and hostility/fear for same-sex parent)

Latency 6-12 years

Stage 4 of Freud's psychosexual theory (time of calm between stages when child develop skills; no sexual interests)

Genital 12+ years

Stage 5 of Freud's psychosexual theory (basic drives become oriented towards ____ with physical changes of puberty)

focus on unconscious, early experiences in family are important, emotions are important to development

contributions to freud's psychosexual theory

erikson's psychosocial theory

in each stage of development, people experience a basic psychosocial conflict that affects development

lifespan perspective, includes role of society and culture, proposes ways in which different stages are resolved and interrelated

contributions of erikson's psychosocial theory

trust v mistrust birth-1 year

infancy stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

autonomy v shame 1-3 years

toddler stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

initiative v guilt 3-6 years

preschool stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

industry v inferiority 6-11 years

school age stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

identity v role confusion 12-18 years

adolescence stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

intimacy vs isolation 19-40 years

young adulthood stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

generativity v stagnation 40-65 years

middle adulthood stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

integrity v despair 65+ years

late adulthood stage of erikson's psychosocial theory

trust v mistrust (infancy: birth-1year)

infants learn to trust that others will fulfill their basic needs or to lack confidence that their needs will be met

autonomy v shame (toddler: 1-3 years)

Toddlers learn to be self-sufficient and independent through toilet training, feeding, walking; or lack confidence in their own abilities

behaviorism/learning theory

study of behavior that can be observed; all behavior is influenced by physical and social environment

classical conditioning

type of learning in which an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to generate a conditioned response in which was previously unconditioned.

operant conditioning

specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior

Bandura's Model of Reciprocal Determinism

individuals, environment, and behavior interact and influence each other

social learning theory

people actively process information by thinking and feeling emotion, and their thoughts and feelings influence behavior (don't need punishment/reinforcement to change behavior, we can learn by thinking about potential consequences of our actions)

observational learning/modeling

people learn by watching others

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world

cognitive development

process in which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment

schemas

cognitive framework for understanding things in the world

1) children organize knowledge into schemas to understand and respond to situations

2) adaptation enables transition from one stage to another

parts of piaget's cognitive developmental theory

sensorimotor birth-2 years

first stage of piaget's cognitive developmental theory (use senses and motor skills)

preoperations 2-6 years

second stage of piaget's cognitive developmental theory (use own thoughts)

concrete operations 7-11 years

third stage of piaget's cognitive developmental theory (solve problems with logic)

formal operations 12+years

fourth stage of piaget's cognitive developmental theory (hypothetical/deductive reasoning, abstract concepts)

consider how infants and children think, view people as active contributions to development, implications for education

contributions of piaget's cognitive developmental theory

information processing theory

based on idea that humans process information they receive rather than just responding to stimuli

sociocultural systems theories

emphasizes the role of sociocultural context in development

vygotsky's sociocultural theory

emphasizes importance of sociocultural contexts and social interactions for learning and cognitive development, explained zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

area in which a person is prepared to learn but requires social interactions to fully develop

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory

development is a result of the ongoing interaction among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within the person and his/her changing context

microsystem

immediate surroundings and relationships

mesosystem

interaction between aspects of microsystem

exosystem

indirect environment

macrosystem

social and cultural values

ethological theory

scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior and its survival value

Konrad Lorenz

patterns of animal behavior appear to be inborn, emerge early in life, and ensure survival (ex. imprinting)

John Bowlby

humans display biologically pre-programmed behaviors that have survival value and promote development (ex. fear of strangers, infant-maternal attachment)

Konrad Lorenz and John Bowlby

two types of ethological theories

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory and Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory

two types of sociocultural systems theories

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning theory

three types of behaviorism/learning theory

Bandura's Model of Reciprocal Determinism and observational learning/modeling

two types of social learning theories