BIO-250 Microbiology Chapter 4 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions relevant to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, function, and differences as presented in Chapter 4 of the Microbiology study guide.

Prokaryotes

Structurally simpler and usually smaller living cells that lack a nucleus and organelles, with a single circular DNA strand.

Eukaryotes

More complex living cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, with DNA organized into multiple linear chromosomes.

Peptidoglycan

A complex polysaccharide that makes up the bacterial cell wall, providing structure and rigidity.

Binary Fission

The reproductive process used by prokaryotes, where a cell divides into two genetically identical cells.

Glycocalyx

A sugary coating on the surface of some prokaryotes that can be organized into a capsule or unorganized into a slime layer.

Fimbriae

Hair-like appendages in bacteria that help with adherence to surfaces and biofilm formation.

Pili

Longer appendages in bacteria used for motility and DNA transfer between cells (conjugation).

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer that lose the primary stain during the Gram staining process and are counterstained pink.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the primary stain during the Gram staining process, appearing purple.

Plasmid

A small, circular piece of DNA in bacteria that carries extra genes and can confer advantages such as antibiotic resistance.

Endospores

Highly durable, dehydrated cells formed by certain bacteria under nutrient depletion conditions, capable of surviving extreme environments.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs; found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Capsule

A well-organized, firmly attached glycocalyx that protects bacterial cells from phagocytosis.

Cell Wall

A semirigid structure surrounding the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells, crucial for maintaining cell shape and preventing rupture.

Nucleoid

The region in a prokaryotic cell where the single, circular DNA chromosome is located.