Water Sources and Reservoir Management

Appropriative Rights

Water rights to a water supply that is acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure are called?

Aquifer

A natural underground layer of porous, water-bearing materials usually capable of yielding a large amount of water is called?

Crossconnection

A connection between a drinking water system and an unapproved or nonpotable water supply is called?

Detention Time

The theoretical time it takes for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given flow rate

Drawdown

The drop in the water table of level of water in the ground when water is being pumped

When the pump is running

When is the drawdown taken?

Evaporation

What do you call the process by which water becomes a gas?

Evapotranspiration/Transpiration

The process by which water vapor passes into the atmosphere from living plants is called?

Detention Time

The actual time in hours, minutes, or seconds that a small amount of water is in a basin or tank is called?

Geological Log

A detailed description of all underground features discovered during the drilling of a well

Hydrologic Cycle

The process of evaporation of water into the air and its return to earth by precipitation

Nonpotable Water

Water that contains objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents.

Palatable Water

Water that is free from objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents.

Pathogens

Disease causing organisms

Potable Water

Water that does not contain objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents and is considered safe for drinking.

Prescriptive Rights

Water rights which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with specified procedures are called

Riparian Rights

Water rights which are acquired together with title to the land bordering a source of surface water

1974

When was the Safe Drinking Water Act put into law?

1996

When was the SDWA last amended

Safe yield

The annual quantity of water that can be taken from a source of supply over a period of years without depleting the source permanently

Short-Circuiting

A condition that occurs in water tanks or basins that causes the water entering the tank to flow on a direct path from the inlet to the outlet

Adding Baffles to the tank or basin

What is one method of fixing Short-Circuiting

Stratification

The formation of separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life in a lake or reservoir

Turbidity

The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter

Turbidity

Nephelometric units are used to measure what parameter

Water Table

What is the upper surface of the zone of saturation of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer called

Yield

The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from surface or groundwater sources

6 feet

Approximately how many feet of water evaporate annually from oceans

25%

What percent of treated water has groundwater as its supply source

75%

What percent of treated water has surface water as its supply source

Spring or fall

When do lakes or reservoirs destratify

Yes, but are less likely to occur

Do algal blooms occur during the winter

Capillary Fringe

The porous material just above the water table containing water

Epidemiology

A branch of medicine which studies epidemics

Cross Connection

The largest cause of water borne illnesses in the United States

Color, Taste, Oder, Turbidity, Temperature

Name 5 physical characteristics of water

Public Water System

A water system that has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days of the year

Community Water System

A water system that has at least 15 service connections used by year round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year round residents

Non-Community Water System

Any public water system that is not a community water system is classified as a

Produce potable and palatable water at a reasonable cost

The three basic objectives of a WTP operator

Production of potable water free of harmful bacteria and toxic materials/ heath and welfare of the consumer

What is the first priority for operating a water treatment

Adsorption

The gathering of a liquid or gas on the surface or interface zone of another material

Cathodic Protection

What do you call an electrical system designed to prevent rust, corrosion, or pitting of metallic surfaces that are in contact with water or soil

Coliform

What is the indicator organism that is found in the intestines of warm blooded animals including man and also in plants, soil, air, and water

Destratification

The development of vertical mixing within a lake or reservoir to eliminate separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life

Sedimentation

In direct filtration, which treatment process is omitted.

Eutrophic

Reservoirs and lakes that are rich in nutrients and very productive in terms of aquatic animal and plant life

Head

The vertical distance in feet equal to the pressure (PSI) at a specific point

Hypolimnion

What do you call the lowest layer in a thermally stratified lake of reservoir

Littoral Zone

What do you call the portion of a body of fresh water extending from the shoreline lakeward to the limit of occupancy of rooted plant life

Littoral Zone

What is the strip of land along the shoreline between the high and low water levels

Mesotrophic

A reservoir or lake that has a moderate amount of nutrients

Alkalinity

Methoyl Orange is used to measure what water parameter

Metalimnion or Thermocline

What is the middle layer of a thermally stratified lake or reservoir

Monomictic

Lakes and reservoirs that do not freeze during the winter and are relatively deep and generally undergo a single stratification and mixing cycle

Oligotrophic

Lakes and reservoirs that are nutrient poor and contain little plant or aquatic plant or animal life

Destratification; Overturn; Turnover

What do you call the spontaneous mixing of all layers of water in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir

pH

What term is used to express the intensity of the basic or acidic condition of water (liquid)

pH

The logarithm (base 10) of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity

0 - 14

What is the numerical range of pH

Photosynthesis

The process by which organisms with the aid of chlorophyll convert carbon dioxide and inorganic substances into oxygen and additional plant material, using sunlight for energy

Naturally occurring volatile organics

What compounds react with chlorine to form THMs

To replenish DO

why is air added to a lake or reservoir

Secchi Disc

A flat, white disc lowered into water by a rope until it is just barely visible

Secchi Disc Transparency

The point at which the Secchi disc is barely visible

Threshold Odor Number (TON)

The minimum odor of a water sample that can be detected after successive dilutions with odorless water

TON

The greatest dilution of a sample with odor free water that still yields a just-detectable odor

Zooplankton

Small, usually microscopic animals found in lakes and reservoirs

pH goes up

What change takes place in a lake or reservoir during day time when there is an algal bloom

pH goes down

After sundown, what change takes place in a lake or reservoir that has experienced an algal bloom

Just before sunrise (5-6am)

When is the pH at its lowest level in a lake or reservoir

Fish Kill

After sundown, plants give off carbon dioxide which drastically reduces the dissolved oxygen level in a lake or reservoir. The oxygen depletion can cause what event?

Watershed

Regulations enacted for land areas that surround a source of water.

Bluestone

What is another name for copper sulfate pentahydrate

Alkalinity, pH, suspended matter, water temperature

What affects the efficiency of bluestone

0.9 lb/arce-foot

If the total alkalinity of a lake or reservoir is less than 50 mg/L, the effective dosage of copper sulfate is?e of copper sulfate is?

5.0 lbs/arce-foot

If the total alkalinity of a lake or reservoir is more than 50 mg/L, the effective dosage of copper sulfate is?e of copper sulfate is?

Aliphatic Hydroxy Acid (such as citric acid)

Which acid when added to bluestone, will delay the precipitation of copper sulfate from the blue stone solution

Artesian

What term is used to define a well or underground basin, in which the water is under pressure greater than atmospheric and will rise above the level of its upper confining surface if given the opportunity

When the pump is running

When is the drawdown of a well taken

Sanitary Survey

What term is used to define a detailed evaluation and/or inspection of a source of water supply and all conveyances, storage, treatment and distribution facilities to ensure protection of the water supply from all pollution sources

Adsorption

The gathering of a gas or liquid on the surface or interface zone of another material

Phytoplankton

What do you call small, usually microscopic plants, such as algae, found in lakes in reservoirs

Zooplankton

What do you call small, usually microscopic animals (such as protozoans) found in lakes or reservoirs

Lower the reservoir water level

When a reservoir freezes, what action is necessary to protect structures and embankments

Bubbler tube or manometer

When a reservoir freezes, ball floats for level control become virtually useless. What other level device can be used in place of the ball floats

Pyrotenax Cable (heating tape)

to protect the bubbler tube from ice formation, the tube should be equipped with...

Multilevel Intake

What type of device us usually used for withdrawing water from a lake or reservoir

Depth

Lakes or reservoir are classified according to what parameter

2nd Order Classification

What type of lakes or reservoirs are operators more likely to encounter

Prevent fish, leaves, debris, etc from entering the WTP

What is the purpose of a screen or trash rack on a multilevel intake structure

Install Baffles

How can you minimize the entrance of silt into the intake system of a reservoir