306 W4 CH20 - heart & neck 👍

precordium

area of anterior chest overlaying heart and great vessels (major arteries and vein)

heart span of ICS

2nd to 5th intercostal space

right sternal border to left midclavicular line

where is the posterior part of the heart

left side

where is the right ventricle immediately behind 

behind the sternum 

which heart chamber forms the apex

left ventricle

what type of blood is involved with pulmonary circulation

deoxygenated blood going to the lungs

what type of blood is involved with systemic circulation

oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body

what is the top of the heart called

base

what is the bottom of the heart called

apex (pointy part)

contractions of what causes apical impulse

apex beating against the chest wall

pericardium function and composition

tough, double-layered sac to protect heart

has pericardial fluid to prevent friction

which heart layer does pumping

myocardium - muscular wall

what is endocardium

thin ENDOthelium tissue that lines inner surface of heart chambers and valves

wall that separates heart L/R chambers

septum

muscular pump chamber

ventricle

chamber that holds blood

atrium

what controls valve opening

pressure gradient of moving blood 

where is tricuspid valve

R AV

name of left AV valve

bicuspid/mitral valve

physical features controlling valve opening

chordae tendineae anchored to papillary muscles attached to ventricle

what happens during diastole

AV valves open and ventricles fill

what happens during systole

AV closes to prevent regurgitation (papillary muscles contract to close valve)

what are the semilunar valves

between ventricles and arteries

pulmonic and aortic SL valve

what takes up 2/3 of cardiac cycle

diastole when ventricle are filling

what is protodiastolic filling

when AV is opened and blood is flowing (diastole) - is passive filling

what is the active phase of diastole

towards the end when atria contract to push remaining blood to ventricle (25% stroke volume)

presystole/atrial systole/atrial kick 

what causes first heart sound S1

AV valves closing when ventricle pressure is higher than atria

what causes S2

closure of semilunar valve - marks end of systole 

which side of the heart has greater pressure

LS because blood pumps to whole body

505 effects of respiration

do

when does S3 sound happen

ventricles resist filling during prediastole, causing vibration

characteristics of heart sounds

frequency (pitch), intensity, duration, timing

what initiates electrical impulse

SA node

cardiac output equation

CO = SV (volume per systole) x R (bpm)

what is preload

venous return during systole

afterload

pressure that ventricle must exceed to open aortic valve

where does jugular vein blood go

superior vena cava

where is the external jugular vein

medial to SCM

when does the heart begin beating

3 weeks gestation (in belly)

foramen ovale, where

temporary opening in heart of fetus, @ arterial septum

ductus arteriosus

allows blood to bypass the lungs for oxygenation in fetuses

second leading cause of death in Canada

CVD

recumbent dyspnea

SOB when laying down

CAD meaning

coronary artery disease

how does menopause impact women’s heart heatth

with menopause, ovaries produce less estrogen > less LDL management which impacts BVs, cholesterol and fat storing

how should pt be positioned before assessing heart and neck

supine with bed elevated to about 30°

how is heart loudness assessed

grade 1-6

6 is loudest

hernia

when tissue pokes through weakened muscles

where should the patient look when performing jugular venous pressure test

looking towards the left so HCP can use RS jugular veins that go directly to right atrium

pulses in the foot

posterior tibialis and dorsalis pedis 

pulse deficit

difference between apical pulse and peripheral pulse rate th

the carotid artery coincides with which heart sound

S1

S1 coincides with what on ECG

R wave

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

left pulmonary artery joins to aorta

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

opening in atrial septum

Tetralogy of Fallot 4 components

VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing), overriding aorta (pos. over VSD), RV hypertrophy

Coarctation of the aorta

narrow descending aorta, increases work of LV