Ch. 5 Tissues and Fibers

a&p

A group of cells working together to perform a specific function.

tissue

What are the four major types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

What are some basic characteristics of epithelial tissue?

-cover and protect organs

-always have one free or exposed surface

-lack blood vessels

-divide easily and rapidly

-tightly packed with little intercellular space

Distinguish between squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelium.

squamous - flat cell

cuboidal - cube-shaped cell

columnar - column-shaped cell

Distinguish between simple, stratified, and pseudostratified epithelium.

simple - single layer of cells

stratified - more than one layer of cells

pseudostratified - appear to be layered but are not

What type of epithelium is specialized to change in response to increased tension?

transitional epithelium

What is keratinization and where does it occur?

Cells accumulate keratin. They harden and die. This produces a hard, tough protective material.

outer layer of skin

What type of gland secretes its products into ducts that open on to an internal or external surface?

exocrine gland

Where do endocrine glands secrete their products?

into tissue fluid or blood

What is carcinoma?

cancer that originated in the epithelium (ex. skin, airways, stomach, intestines)

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands and how are they classified?

merocrine - release watery, protein rich fluids by exocytosis (ex. pancreatic gland)

apocrine - lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion (ex. mammary gland)

holocrine - entire cell lyses during secretion (ex. sebaceous gland)

What type of connective tissue releases heparin and histamine?

mast cells

What type produces fibers?

fibroblasts

What is phagocytosis?

process of eating damaged cells (macrophages do this)

What types are responsible for phagocytosis?

macrophages

Which of the types of connective tissue cells are known as wandering cells?

macrophages

What does the term "wandering" mean?

number of cells is unstable, can reproduce and go very high or stay at normal amount

What are the 3 types of fiber produced by fibroblasts?

collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

What type of tissue is fat tissue?

adipose tissue

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

stores energy, cushions joints and some organs

Intercellular material is known as what?

matrix

What are osteocytes?

bone cells

What are chondrocytes?

cartilage cells

What surrounds cartilage and supplies it with nutrients?

perichondrium

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

no direct blood supply

Distinguish between ligaments and tendons.

ligaments - bone to bone

tendons - muscle to bone

Which of the four major tissue types is blood considered to be?

connective tissue

What are the 2 main components of blood?

cells and plasma (liquid portion, mostly water)

What are the 3 types of blood cells that make up blood and what is the function of each?

white blood cells - fight diseases

red blood cells - transport oxygen

platelets - clot blood

Erythrocytes are also known as what?

red blood cells

Leukocytes are also known as what?

white blood cells

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the three muscle tissues is voluntary?

skeletal muscle tissue

What does "voluntary" mean?

can be controlled by conscious effort

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

walls of internal organs (ex. stomach, intestines, blood vessels)

Alternating strands of light and dark found in some types of muscle tissue.

striations

Which of the muscle tissue types have striations?

skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the muscle types have a single nucleus?

smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue

Which type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart?

cardiac muscle tissue

Which type of muscle tissue does not regenerate?

cardiac muscle tissue

The basic cells of nervous tissue are called what?

neurons

What do neuroglial cells do?

support and bind components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels

What is the common name for myocardial infarction (MI)?

heart attack

What is the common name for a cerebral infarction?

stroke

types of epithelial membranes

Mucous, Cutaneous, and Serous

Composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

serous

Lines body surfaces that open directly to the body's exterior

mucous

Lines some of the closed body cavities and covers many of the organs in those cavities

serous

The body's largest membrane

cutaneous

serous

Secretes a fluid to help prevent friction as the organs move

Consists of a layer of epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue

cutaneous

Three serous membranes are

pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

Glands are made of this tissue.

Epithelial tissue

This tissue consists of elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation

Muscle tissue

The cells of this tissue are embedded in an extracellular matrix.

Connective tissue

This tissue contains no blood vessels and depends upon underlying connective tissue to supply its needs for oxygen and nutrients.

Epithelial tissue

Types of this tissue include blood, bone, cartilage, and fat.

Connective tissue

This tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Nervous tissue

This tissue forms the epidermis of the skin.

Epithelial tissue

This tissue contains various types of fibers.

Connective tissue

Tendons and ligaments consist of this type of tissue.

Connective tissue

This type of tissue has a high degree of excitability and conductivity.

Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue, key functions of this tissue involve:

The protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion.

Muscle tissue, Three types of this tissue include:

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

This tissue serves to connect the body together and to support, bind, or protect organs.

Connective tissue

Reticular

fibers occur in networks and support small structures, such as capillaries and nerves.

Collagenous

fibers are the most abundant fibers in connective tissue.

Connective tissue is classified according to its _____

Structural Characteristics

Areolar

a type of loose connective tissue found underneath almost all epithelia.

_____ tissue forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Reticular

Cartilage

a type of dense connective tissue that has no blood supply, making healing slow or absent following an injury.

Fibrocartilage

____ resists compression and absorbs shock, making it ideal to form the discs between the vertebrae.

The matrix of bone serves as

a storage site for calcium.

Unlike other connective tissues, (bone)(blood) doesn't contain any fibers.

blood

Most connective tissue has a (rich)(limited) blood supply.

rich

Epithelial tissue having only one layer is called __________.

simple

Simple squamous

__________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flat, scale-like cells.

Simple cuboidal

__________ epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-like cells.

Pseudostratified columnar

__________ epithelium consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells; the different cell heights make the tissue appear to be stratified

Simple columnar

__________ epithelium consists of a single layer of columnar cells

fascia

Dense connective tissue band or sheet that binds organs and muscles together

Stem

Type of cell that can differentiate into a number of different cells

Endocrine

Gland that secretes its product directly into the bloodstream

Epithelial

Tissue that lacks blood vessels and depends on underlying connective tissue for oxygen and nutrients

Collagen

The body's most abundant protein

Exocrine

Gland that secretes its product into ducts

Adipose

Tissue dominated by fat cells

Squamous

Cell shape that is flat and plate-like

Connective

The most widespread and most varied of all the tissues

Stratified

Tissue that has multiple layers in which some cells don't touch the basement membrane

Goblet

Modified cells containing secretory vesicles that produce large quantities of mucus

Ligaments

Cord-like tissues that attach bones to bones

Matrix

Key component of connective tissue

Columnar

Cell shape that is tall and cylindrical

Tendons

Dense, cord-like tissues that attach muscles to bones

Tissue

Groups of cells that perform a common function

WHERE? Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Lines the trachea, large bronchi, and nasal mucosa

WHERE? Simple squamous epithelium

Lines the alveoli (EPITHELIAL FUNCTION)

WHERE? Simple cuboidal epithelium

Lines the ducts and tubules of many organs, including the kidneys (EPITHELIAL FUNCTION)

WHERE? Simple columnar epithelium

Lines the intestines (EPITHELIAL FUNCTION)