PPL Theory Exam 1 Review

Bernoulli’s Principle states that as velocity increases, pressure _________.

decreases

Induced Drag is created by producing ____________. 

lift

Name the three types of Parasite Drag:

form drag, skin friction, interference drag

Types of flaps

plain, split, slotted, fowler

An airplane can be stalled at any airspeed, any weight and any attitude. When it stalls we have exceeded the __________ angle of attack.

critical

Exceeding the angle you named in the previous question causes __________ over the top of the wing:

separation of airflow

Name three axes of flight, and the control surfaces that affect them.

Longitudinal (roll) = Ailerons

Lateral (pitch) = Elevator

Vertical (yaw) = Rudder

Which statement relates to Bernoulli`s principle?

Air traveling faster over the curved upper surface of an airfoil causes lower pressure on the top surface.

The term 'angle of attack' is defined as the angle

between the wing chord line and the relative wind

What is the relationship of lift, drag, thrust, and weight when the airplane is in straight-and-level flight?

lift equals weight and thrust equals drag

What is one purpose of wing flaps?

To enable the pilot to make steeper approaches to a landing without increasing the airspeed.

Which pressure is caused by motion?

Dynamic

The left turning tendency of an airplane caused by P-factor is the result of the:

Propeller blade descending on the right, producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left.

True or False: A constant-speed propeller has a variable pitch angle and is efficient over a wide range of RPM and airspeed conditions?

True

What effect does extending the flaps have on the camber of the wing?

Increases camber

Which force resists the motion of the airplane through the air?

drag

Aside from lift, what do trailing edge flaps increase?

drag

On a wing, the force of lift acts perpendicular to and the force of drag acts parallel to the:

flight path

A propeller converts engine torque into ____.

thrust

True or False? With flaps extended, the nose attitude of the higher plane is higher.

False

Describe the difference between static and dynamic stability.

Static stability is the initial stability after an aircraft experiences a disturbance, and dynamic stability is how the aircraft reacts over time to the disturbance. 

The ____ controls movement about the pitch axis.

elevator

The ____ controls the movement about the roll axis

ailerons

The ____ controls the movement about the yaw axis.

rudder

An airplane said to be inherently stable will:

Require less effort to control

Moving the weight of an airplane to the most aft CG will cause the airplane to be:

Less stable at all speeds

What determines the longitudinal stability of an airplane?

 

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift.

Changes in the center of pressure of a wing affect the aircraft`s

aerodynamic balance and controllability

What causes an airplane (except a T-tail) to pitch nosedown when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?

The downwash on the elevators from the propeller slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.

What is the purpose of the rudder on an airplane?

To control yaw.

Yawing increases the speed of the outer wing. Does this cause its lift to increase? If so, what does this lead to?

Yes - leads to a roll

If the center of pressure is ahead of the center of gravity, what sort of pitching moment would the lift-weight couple have?

Nose-up pitching moment

What design elements are used to reduce the effects of adverse yaw? (Select all that apply)

Differential ailerons, Interconnected ailerons & rudder, Frise-type ailerons

At high airspeeds, control surfaces are __________ than at low airspeeds.

more effective

Aerodynamic balance: 

reduces control forces for the pilot

In general, increased aircraft stability results in __________ aircraft maneuverability.

decreased

Mass balancing: 

alters mass distribution of the control surface to avoid flutter or vibration

If the airplane is loaded incorrectly so that the CG is forward of the allowable range, the elevator force required to flare the airplane for landing will be"

greater than usual.

Excessively high engine temperatures, either in the air or on the ground, will:

cause loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and possible permanent internal engine damage

If the engine oil temperature and cylinder head temperature gauges have exceeded their normal operating range, the pilot may have been operating with:

too much power and with the mixture set too lean

One purpose of the dual ignition system on an aircraft engine is to provide for:

improved engine performance

An electrical system failure (battery and alternator) occurs during flight. In this situation, you would:

experience avionics equipment failure

The basic purpose of adjusting the fuel/air mixture at altitude is to:

decrease the fuel flow in order to compensate for decreased air density

While cruising at 9,500 feet MSL, the fuel/air mixture is properly adjusted. What will occur if a descent to 4,500 feet MSL is made without readjusting the mixture?

The fuel/air mixture may become excessively lean

What change occurs in the fuel/air mixture when carburetor heat is applied?

The fuel/air mixture becomes richer

The presence of carburetor ice in an aircraft equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller can be verified by applying carburetor heat and noting:

a decrease in RPM and then a gradual increase in RPM

With regard to carburetor ice, float-type carburetor systems in comparison to fuel injection systems are generally considered to be:

more susceptible to icing

The uncontrolled firing of the fuel/air charge in advance of normal spark ignition is known as:

pre-ignition

Which would most likely cause the cylinder head temperature and engine oil temperature gauges to exceed their normal operating ranges?

Using fuel that has a lower-than-specified fuel rating

What type fuel can be substituted for an aircraft if the recommended octane is not available?

The next higher octane aviation gas

An abnormally high engine oil temperature indication may be caused by:

the oil level being too low

What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating during a climb?

Reduce rate of climb and increase airspeed

What is one procedure to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating

Enrichen the fuel mixture

Detonation occurs in a reciprocating aircraft engine when:

the unburned charge in the cylinders explodes instead of burning normally

If the ground wire between the magneto and the ignition switch becomes disconnected, the most noticeable result will be that the engine

cannot be shut down by turning the switch to the OFF position

On aircraft equipped with fuel pumps, when is the auxiliary electric driven pump used?

In the event engine-driven fuel pump fails.

Carburetor icing can occur with an OAT as high as

20*C and high relative humidity

The vacuum pump, if installed on a modern airplane, is most likely to be:

engine driven

Filling the tanks after the last flight of the day is considered a good operating procedure because this will:

precent moisture condensation by eliminating airspace in the tanks

A distribution point for the electrical power to the various services is called a:

bus bar

What color is 100 LL fuel?

blue

Which instrument(s) requires ram air from the pitot tube to operate?

airspeed indicator

Which instrument(s) requires static air for operation?

altimeter, vertical speed indicator, airspeed indicator

Does using alternate static air cause airspeed and altitude to indicate higher or lower than actual?

Higher

Which instrument(s) use gyros to operate?

Heading indicator, turn coordinator, attitude indicator

Does the magnetic compass indicate true north or magnetic north?

Magnetic North

When the altimeter is set to the correct barometric pressure on the surface it should indicate within +/- ______ feet of field elevation.

75

True or False: The vertical speed indicator displays instantaneous information.

False

White arc on airspeed is

flap operating range

Green arc on airspeed is

normal operating range

Yellow arc on airspeed is

caution range

What does the red line on the airspeed indicator represent?

Maximum structural airspeed, Vne

The magnetic compass is always accurate in turns? 

False

Which instrument is most likely to indicate incorrectly due to precession errors?

Heading indicator

V(SO) is defined as the

 stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.

If the pitot tube and outside static vents become clogged, which instruments would be affected?

The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator

Which instrument will become inoperative if the pitot tube becomes clogged?

Airspeed

What do each altimeters depict?

1-1,500 2- 14,500 3- 9,500

In the Northern Hemisphere, if an aircraft is accelerated or decelerated, the magnetic compass will normally indicate

correctly when on a north or south heading

Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal to true altitude?

When standard atmospheric conditions exist.

If a flight is made from an area of low pressure into an area of high pressure without the altimeter setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate

lower than the actual altitude above sea level

Forces acting on a plane

lift, thrust, drag, weight

Gross weight

single force through the CG

CG

point of balance on an airplane, depends on load and balance of cargo/airplane parts, supported at CG = balanced

Airfoils

surfaces designed to lift, control, and propel an airplane, shaped so that the air flows over and under creating a pressure differential

Leading edge vs trailing edge

where airflow first meets airfoil vs where upper and lower airflows meet

Chord Line

an imaginary straight line between leading edge and trailing edge

Camber and Mean Camber line

Camber is the curve of an airfoil’s upper and lower surfaces, Mean Camber line is the midpoint between the upper and lower surfaces

Lift is always ___ to Relative Wind and lateral axis of wing.

perpendicular

Bernoulli’s principle and airfoils

Air travels over the curved airfoil, creating a lower pressure on the top of the wing, higher pressure on bottom of wing = lift

Newton’s 3rd law of motion

Equal and opposite reaction, wings are forced upwards b/c tilted and air is pushed down so the wing is pushed up

Ground effect

The ground blocks downward airflow (downwash), makes it so less energy is needed to create lift because the airflow is redirected to under the wing

Venturi Effect

As the velocity of a fluid increases, pressure and temperature decrease

Angle of Attack

AoA, the angle between the extended chord line and the relative wind, directly changes lift, NOT PITCH ATTITUDE

Relative Wind

the direction from which the airflow hits the wing; directly opposite the aircraft flight path

Center of Pressure

CoP, the point on an airfoil where all lift is considered to be concentrated, shifts with change of camber and AoA, moves aft as AoA decreases

Angle of Incidence

the angle at which the wing is mounted on the airplane

As we ascend, air pressure decreases at a rate of ___ inch of mercury (Hg) per ___ feet of altitude gain.

1-1000

Parasite Drag

forces not directly associated with the development of lift

Form drag

created by any structure which protrudes into the relative wind