Dehydration and Calcium Imbalance Flashcards

Flashcards covering dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and calcium-related disorders like hyper/hypoparathyroidism.

Dehydration

Loss of body fluids due to factors like sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or burns, and can also be caused by medications like diuretics.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Disruptions in the levels of essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium, which can cause health problems including muscle cramps and cardiac arrhythmias.

Sodium

An electrolyte that controls fluid levels and aids in muscle and nerve function; water follows this electrolyte.

Potassium

An electrolyte that supports heart, nerve, and muscle function, and helps nutrients move waste in and out of cells supporting metabolism, important for cardiac function.

Calcium

An electrolyte that helps blood vessels contract and expand, stabilizes blood pressure, and supports communication between nerves.

Chloride

Maintains healthy blood levels, blood pressure, and body fluids.

Magnesium

Aids in nerve and muscle function and is important for healthy bones and teeth.

Phosphate

Supports muscle and nerve function.

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Helps maintain acid-base balance in blood and moves CO2 (waste products) through blood.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A mechanism that uses a cycle to balance concentration levels of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell, fundamentally working to try to bring the body into balance.

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

Dry mouth/tongue, dry skin, headache, decreased urine output, concentrated urine, poor skin turgor, sunken eyes, tachycardia, and hypotension.

Factors Influencing Fluid Needs

Individual's age, activity level, health, pregnancy and even climate.

Adequate Daily Fluid Intake

Approximately eight cups of fluid per day

Labs to Monitor for Dehydration

Can tell you concentration of blood, sodium levels, potassium levels, and kidney function.

Calcium Function

Moves in and out of the cells through specialized pumps embedded in the membrane and is essential for muscle function, bone health, nerve transmission, clotting, hormone release, and cellular homeostasis.

Conditions Associated with Hypercalcemia

Kidney stones, kidney damage, cardiac arrhythmias, and osteoporosis.

Parathyroid Glands

Small glands located behind the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Regulates calcium levels by affecting the kidneys, bones, and intestine, and also regulates phosphorus.

Chief Cells

Produce PTH.

Hyperparathyroidism

PTH is high so calcium is high, and phosphorus is low.

Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism

High blood pressure, arrhythmias, heart palpitations, foggy brain, kidney stones, insomnia, tiredness, excessive urination, loss of appetite, bone and joint pain, depression, and trouble concentrating.

Treatment for Hyperparathyroidism

High fluid intake, avoidance of high calcium/vitamin D intake, and exercise.

Hypoparathyroidism

PTH is decreased, resulting in decreased calcium levels; often caused by accidental surgical removal of the parathyroid glands.

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Patchy hair loss, muscle twitches, fatigue, weakness, and depression. Postive chvostek's and trousseau's sign are clinical manifestations.

Chvostek's Sign

Contraction of facial muscles when tapping the facial nerve.

Trousseau's Sign

Carpopedal spasm via blood pressure cuff.

Paresthesia

Fingertip numbness and tingling sensation.

EKG Finding in Hypoparathyroidism

Prolonged QT interval.

Labs to Monitor for Calcium Disorders

PTH, calcium, phosphate, alumin, and alphosphatase.

Imaging for Calcium Disorders

Ultrasounds of the thyroid, CAT scans, EKGs, and Sestamibi scans.

Dehydration

Loss of body fluids due to factors like sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or burns, and can also be caused by medications like diuretics.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Disruptions in the levels of essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium, which can cause health problems including muscle cramps and cardiac arrhythmias.

Sodium

An electrolyte that controls fluid levels and aids in muscle and nerve function; water follows this electrolyte.

Potassium

An electrolyte that supports heart, nerve, and muscle function, and helps nutrients move waste in and out of cells supporting metabolism, important for cardiac function.

Calcium

An electrolyte that helps blood vessels contract and expand, stabilizes blood pressure, and supports communication between nerves.

Chloride

Maintains healthy blood levels, blood pressure, and body fluids.

Magnesium

Aids in nerve and muscle function and is important for healthy bones and teeth.

Phosphate

Supports muscle and nerve function.

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Helps maintain acid-base balance in blood and moves CO2 (waste products) through blood.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A mechanism that uses a cycle to balance concentration levels of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell, fundamentally working to try to bring the body into balance.

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

Dry mouth/tongue, dry skin, headache, decreased urine output, concentrated urine, poor skin turgor, sunken eyes, tachycardia, and hypotension.

Factors Influencing Fluid Needs

Individual's age, activity level, health, pregnancy and even climate.

Adequate Daily Fluid Intake

Approximately eight cups of fluid per day

Labs to Monitor for Dehydration

Can tell you concentration of blood, sodium levels, potassium levels, and kidney function.

Calcium Function

Moves in and out of the cells through specialized pumps embedded in the membrane and is essential for muscle function, bone health, nerve transmission, clotting, hormone release, and cellular homeostasis.

Conditions Associated with Hypercalcemia

Kidney stones, kidney damage, cardiac arrhythmias, and osteoporosis.

Parathyroid Glands

Small glands located behind the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Regulates calcium levels by affecting the kidneys, bones, and intestine, and also regulates phosphorus.

Chief Cells

Produce PTH.

Hyperparathyroidism

PTH is high so calcium is high, and phosphorus is low.

Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism

High blood pressure, arrhythmias, heart palpitations, foggy brain, kidney stones, insomnia, tiredness, excessive urination, loss of appetite, bone and joint pain, depression, and trouble concentrating.

Treatment for Hyperparathyroidism

High fluid intake, avoidance of high calcium/vitamin D intake, and exercise.

Hypoparathyroidism

PTH is decreased, resulting in decreased calcium levels; often caused by accidental surgical removal of the parathyroid glands.

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Patchy hair loss, muscle twitches, fatigue, weakness, and depression. Postive chvostek's and trousseau's sign are clinical manifestations.

Chvostek's Sign

Contraction of facial muscles when tapping the facial nerve.

Trousseau's Sign

Carpopedal spasm via blood pressure cuff.

Paresthesia

Fingertip numbness and tingling sensation.

EKG Finding in Hypoparathyroidism

Prolonged QT interval.

Labs to Monitor for Calcium Disorders

PTH, calcium, phosphate, alumin, and alphosphatase.

Imaging for Calcium Disorders

Ultrasounds of the thyroid, CAT scans, EKGs, and Sestamibi scans.

Dehydration

Loss of body fluids due to factors like sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or burns, and can also be caused by medications like diuretics.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Disruptions in the levels of essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium, which can cause health problems including muscle cramps and cardiac arrhythmias.

Sodium

An electrolyte that controls fluid levels and aids in muscle and nerve function; water follows this electrolyte.

Potassium

An electrolyte that supports heart, nerve, and muscle function, and helps nutrients move waste in and out of cells supporting metabolism, important for cardiac function.

Calcium

An electrolyte that helps blood vessels contract and expand, stabilizes blood pressure, and supports communication between nerves.

Chloride

Maintains healthy blood levels, blood pressure, and body fluids.

Magnesium

Aids in nerve and muscle function and is important for healthy bones and teeth.

Phosphate

Supports muscle and nerve function.

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Helps maintain acid-base balance in blood and moves CO2 (waste products) through blood.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A mechanism that uses a cycle to balance concentration levels of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell, fundamentally working to try to bring the body into balance.

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration

Dry mouth/tongue, dry skin, headache, decreased urine output, concentrated urine, poor skin turgor, sunken eyes, tachycardia, and hypotension.

Factors Influencing Fluid Needs

Individual's age, activity level, health, pregnancy and even climate.

Adequate Daily Fluid Intake

Approximately eight cups of fluid per day

Labs to Monitor for Dehydration

Can tell you concentration of blood, sodium levels, potassium levels, and kidney function.

Calcium Function

Moves in and out of the cells through specialized pumps embedded in the membrane and is essential for muscle function, bone health, nerve transmission, clotting, hormone release, and cellular homeostasis.

Conditions Associated with Hypercalcemia

Kidney stones, kidney damage, cardiac arrhythmias, and osteoporosis.

Parathyroid Glands

Small glands located behind the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Regulates calcium levels by affecting the kidneys, bones, and intestine, and also regulates phosphorus.

Chief Cells

Produce PTH.

Hyperparathyroidism

PTH is high so calcium is high, and phosphorus is low.

Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism

High blood pressure, arrhythmias, heart palpitations, foggy brain, kidney stones, insomnia, tiredness, excessive urination, loss of appetite, bone and joint pain, depression, and trouble concentrating.

Treatment for Hyperparathyroidism

High fluid intake, avoidance of high calcium/vitamin D intake, and exercise.

Hypoparathyroidism

PTH is decreased, resulting in decreased calcium levels; often caused by accidental surgical removal of the parathyroid glands.

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Patchy hair loss, muscle twitches, fatigue, weakness, and depression. Postive chvostek's and trousseau's sign are clinical manifestations.

Chvostek's Sign

Contraction of facial muscles when tapping the facial nerve.

Trousseau's Sign

Carpopedal spasm via blood pressure cuff.

Paresthesia

Fingertip numbness and tingling sensation.

EKG Finding in Hypoparathyroidism

Prolonged QT interval.

Labs to Monitor for Calcium Disorders

PTH, calcium, phosphate, alumin, and alphosphatase.

Imaging for Calcium Disorders

Ultrasounds of the thyroid, CAT scans, EKGs, and Sestamibi scans.

Hypernatremia

High serum sodium levels (above 145 mEq/L).

Hyponatremia

Low serum sodium levels (below 135 mEq/L).

Hyperkalemia

High serum potassium levels (above 5.0 mEq/L).

Hypokalemia

Low serum potassium levels (below 3.5 mEq/L).

Hypercalcemia

High serum calcium levels (above 10.5 mg/dL).

Hypocalcemia

Low serum calcium levels (below 8.5 mg/dL).

Hypermagnesemia

High serum magnesium levels (above 2.5 mg/dL).

Hypomagnesemia

Low serum magnesium levels (below 1.5 mg/dL).

Hyperphosphatemia

High serum phosphate levels (above 4.5 mg/dL).

Hypophosphatemia

Low serum phosphate levels (below 2.5 mg/dL).