IPS1- Lipids p2

Proverbs 16:3

animals

Cholesteryl ester is found in ____ , not in bacteria

Ergosterol 

______-

• Precursor of Vitamin D

• Occurs in plants and yeast

Ergosterol 

_____- acquires anti-rachitic properties (prevents rickets) when irradiated with UV light

sunlight

Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol) is from ____ ?

Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol)

______- is used in the treatment and prevention of rickets (softening or bending of bones, such as knees touching — “pagdikit ng knees”).

Polyprenoids

Not steroids, but made like cholesterol.

Ubiquinone

[POLYPRENOIDS]

____-  helps in energy production in mitochondria

Dolichol

[POLYPRENOIDS]

____-  helps make glycoproteins by attaching sugars to proteins

Isoprenoids

[POLYPRENOIDS]

____- include things like rubber, camphor, and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, plus beta-carotene (provitamin A).

provitamin A

beta-carotene is aka ____

• 5 carbons

• 8 hydrogens

→ (C₅H₈)

Isoprenoid unit: has _____ carbons and ____ hydrogens

auto-oxidation

[LIPID PEROXIDATION]

When lipids (fats) are exposed to oxygen, they go through ____

auto-oxidation

[LIPID PEROXIDATION]

_____- a chain reaction that makes free radicals.

free radicals 

[LIPID PEROXIDATION]
____-

• Causes food to spoil (rancidity)

• Damage to body tissues, leading to problems like cancer, inflammation, heart disease (atherosclerosis), and aging.

free radicals in fats with certain double bonds.

Free radicals cause:

• Food to spoil (rancidity)

• Damage to body tissues, leading to problems like cancer, inflammation, heart disease (atherosclerosis), and aging.

This damage happens because of ______ 

Peroxidation 

Inside the body, this oxidation is helped by heme compounds and enzymes called lipoxygenases (found in platelets and white blood cells).

lipoxygenases

Peroxidation  is helped by heme compounds and enzymes called _____

• platelets

• white blood cells

[PEROXIDATION]

Lipoxygenases are found in ___ [2]

• Oxysterols

• Isoprostanes

PEROXIDATION Important Products [2]

cholesterol

[PEROXIDATION]

Oxysterols is made from ___

Isoprostanes

[PEROXIDATION]

____- similar to prostanoids, which are signaling molecules

antioxidants 

To stop or slow down lipid peroxidation (damage caused by oxidation), _____are used. 

lipid peroxidation

____- is the damage caused by oxidation

• Propyl gallate

• BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)

• BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)

Food antioxidants [3]

• Vitamin E (fat-soluble)

• Vitamin C and urate (water-soluble)

• Beta-carotene

Natural antioxidants [3]

fat-soluble

Vitamin E is ____[fat-soluble/water-soluble]

water-soluble

Vitamin C and urate is ____[fat-soluble/water-soluble]

• Preventive antioxidants

• Chain-breaking antioxidants

Classes of Antioxidants [2]

Preventive antioxidants

[Classes of Antioxidants]

____- stop or slow down the start of oxidation.

• Catalase and Peroxidase enzymes

• Glutathione peroxidase

• Selenium

• EDTA and DTPA

Examples  Preventive antioxidants [4] 

Glutathione peroxidase

[Preventive antioxidants]

____- works with harmful peroxides, ROOH

Selenium

[Preventive antioxidants]

____- helps enzymes work

EDTA and DTPA

[Preventive antioxidants]

____- are chemicals that bind metal ions which can cause oxidation

Chain-breaking antioxidants

[Classes of Antioxidants]

____-  stop the spread of free radical damage.

• Superoxide dismutase

• Urate

• Vitamin E

Examples of Chain-breaking antioxidants [3]

Superoxide dismutase

[Chain-breaking antioxidants]

_____ - catches superoxide free radicals

Vitamin E

[Chain-breaking antioxidants]

_____ -  works in fats to trap harmful radicals

• Initiation

• Propagation

• Termination

Steps in Free Radical Reaction 

Amphiphatic Lipids

[Type of Lipid]

These molecules have both water-loving (polar) and water-hating (nonpolar) parts.

• fatty acids

• phospholipids

• sphingolipids

• bile salts

• cholesterol

Examples of Amphiphatic Lipids [5]

Amphiphatic Lipids

[Type of Lipid]

_____- 

• They line up at oil-water boundaries, with the polar part in water and the nonpolar part in oil

• They form the basic structure of cell membranes (bilayer)

Micelles

[Amphiphatic Lipids]

Form when enough amphipathic lipids gather in water

Liposomes

[Amphiphatic Lipids]

Made by breaking up amphipathic lipids in water using sound waves

Liposomes

[Amphiphatic Lipids]

Used to carry drugs in the body, targeting specific organs (like in cancer treatment).

Liposomes

[Amphiphatic Lipids]

_____ - 

• Also used to deliver genes into blood vessel cells.

• Help deliver drugs and cosmetics through the skin.

Blood

____- is a special tissue made of different cells floating in a liquid called plasma.

plasma

Blood is a special tissue made of different cells floating in a liquid called ____

Red blood cells

[Type of Cell]

____- carry oxygen and give blood its red color because they have hemoglobin

hemoglobin

____- is a protein with iron that picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to the body

White blood cells

[Type of Cell]

Fight infections

Platelets

[Type of Cell]

_____- are small cell pieces that help blood clot.

Blood

____- is a type of connective tissue because of where it comes from (bone marrow) and what it does

4-6 liters

[Key features of blood]

A person has _____ liters of blood, depending on size

• 38-48%

• 52-62% 

[Key features of blood]

About ____% is blood cells (called formed elements), and ____% is plasma (the liquid part)

formed elements

[Key features of blood]

About 38-48% is blood cells (called_______ ), and 52-62% is plasma (the liquid part)

Plasma

____- is the liquid part

bright red (high oxygen)

[Key features of blood]

The color of ARTERIAL BLOOD is

darker red (less oxygen)

[Key features of blood]

The color of VENOUS BLOOD is _____

True 

[T/F]

The color difference helps identify whether bleeding is from an artery or a vein:

7.35 and 7.45  

[Key features of blood]

Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between_____ and ____

3 to 5 times 

[Key features of blood]

Blood is_____ to ____ thicker than water because of cells and proteins, which helps maintain normal blood pressure.

True

[Key features of blood]

[T/F]

• Blood’s thickness (caused by cells and proteins) helps regulate blood flow and maintain stable blood pressure. 

Transportation

[Blood Function]

_____ - 

• Carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells.

• Takes carbon dioxide and waste away from tissues to lungs and kidneys for removal.

Transportation

[Blood Function]

Transports hormones from glands to target organs. 

Regulation

[Blood Function]

Helps control body temperature by moving heat from muscles to the skin to release it.

Regulation

[Blood Function]

Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance because salts and proteins help keep blood volume and pressure stable

Regulation

[Blood Function]

Helps regulate blood pH using buffers

Clotting mechanisms

[Protection Category]

____- prevent fluid loss through hemorrhage when blood vessels become damaged

phagocytic white blood cells

[Protection Category]

TYPE OF CELL: 

• Certain cells in the blood, _____ help to protect the body against diseases by engulfing and destroying the agent

Disease	Affected Blood Component
Anemia	Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Sickle Cell Disease	Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Thalassemia	Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Polycythemia	Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Diseases affected by Red Blood Cells 

Disease	Affected Blood Component
Leukemia	White Blood Cells (WBC)
Lymphoma	White Blood Cells (WBC)
Myelodysplastic Syndrome	White Blood Cells (WBC)
Neutropenia	White Blood Cells (WBC)
Leukopenia	White Blood Cells (WBC)

Diseases affected by White  Blood Cells 

Disease	Affected Blood Component
Thrombocytopenia	Platelets
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)	Platelets
Thrombocythemia (or Thrombocytosis)	Platelets
Hemophilia (affects clotting factors but related to platelet function)	Platelets (functional)

Diseases affected by Platelets

hemoglobin 

In LEAD POISONING

• Lead targets red blood cells, making it difficult for your body to produce____

anemia

LEAD POISONING primarily targets red blood cells, making it difficult for your body to produce hemoglobin. This can lead to _____ 

anemia

_____- is a condition where you have a reduced number of healthy red blood cells.

Lead Poisoning

It can also harm other parts of the body, including the brain and nervous system, sometimes causing permanent damage

anemia

[ANEMIA DUE TO CHRONIC DISEASE]

Children with chronic diseases (such as cancer or HIV infection) often develop ______ as a complication of their illness 

erythropoietin

The kidneys produce _____, a hormone that stimulates production of red cells in the bone marrow

erythropoietin

_____- is a hormone that stimulates production of red cells in the bone marrow

Kidney disease 

[Type of Disease]

_____ - can interfere with the production of erythropoietin

hemolysis

When red blood cells are destroyed more quickly than normal by disease this process is called  ____ . In response,  the bone marrow will make up for it by increasing production of new red cells to take their place

G6PD

_____- is an enzyme that protects red blood cells from damage caused by some chemicals in food and medicine

G6PD

If someone doesn’t have enough of this enzyme, these chemicals can make their red blood cells burst 

G6PD deficiency

_____ - is a common inherited condition in people from Africa, the Mediterranean, and Southeast Asia 

lymphocytes

special white blood cells is aka ____

white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks special  _____  that help fight infections.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

When infected, this virus can cause AIDS, which makes the body weaker and more likely to get infections and other illnesses. 

Leukemias

______- are cancers of the cells that produce white blood cells

• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

LEUKEMIAS includes [4]

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

The most common types of leukemia affecting kids are____ [2]

Thrombocytopenia

Lower than normal number of platelets

abnormal bruising or bleeding 

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

• Lower than normal number of platelets, is usually diagnosed because a person has ____

Thrombocytopenia

____- can happen when a person takes certain drugs or develops infections or leukemia or when the body uses up too many platelets

Hemoglobin

The pigment which gives the red blood cells their color

Hemoglobin

Act as a carrier of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue