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Wealth Disparities

Unequal distribution of assets and net worth between racial groups.

Structural Barriers

Factors that contribute to racial wealth inequality, including lower homeownership rates, limited access to high

Racial Wealth Gap

Black households hold significantly less wealth than White households due to structural barriers.

Educational Wealth Gap

College

Inheritance Gap

White families are about five times more likely to receive substantial inheritances than Black families.

Income Inequality

Disparities in earnings among different racial groups.

Black Worker Income Gap

Black workers earn approximately 80% of White workers' income, even after controlling for education and experience.

Occupational Segregation

Black workers are overrepresented in low

Black Tax

Additional barriers Black professionals face in achieving promotions and salary increases.

Employment Discrimination

Biased treatment of individuals in hiring, promotion, and compensation based on race.

Resume Name Discrimination

Employers may favor applicants with White

Glass Ceiling Effect

Barriers that prevent Black professionals from advancing into leadership and executive positions.

Over-policing

Policing in Job Screening

Educational Barriers

Obstacles that prevent equal access to quality education.

School Funding Disparities

Public schools in predominantly Black neighborhoods receive less funding because of property tax systems.

Racial Achievement Gaps

Differences in standardized test scores, graduation rates, and college completion caused by systemic disadvantage.

Student Debt Crisis

Black college graduates take on more student loan debt and struggle with repayment at higher rates than White graduates.

Housing Discrimination

Practices that affect wealth accumulation, education access, and neighborhood resources.

Homeownership Disparities

Black homeownership rates remain significantly lower than White rates because of discriminatory lending practices.

Predatory Lending

Black borrowers were disproportionately targeted for subprime mortgages during the 2008 financial crisis.

Gentrification

Rising property values in urban areas force Black residents out of their neighborhoods.

Color

Blind Racism

Four Frames of Color

Blind Racism

Abstract Liberalism

Uses ideas like individualism, meritocracy, and equal opportunity to oppose race

Example of Abstract Liberalism

"I believe in treating everyone the same. That's why I don't support affirmative action."

Naturalization

Explains racial phenomena as natural rather than socially or historically created.

Example of Naturalization

"People like to be around others like them."

Naturalization of Segregation

Treats residential segregation or same

Historical Policies Behind Segregation

Exclusionary zoning, real estate steering, and unequal school funding.

Cultural Racism

Attributes racial inequality to the cultural values or behaviors of minority groups.

Example of Cultural Racism

Claiming Black people do not value education or lack a work ethic.

Role Model Stereotype

The claim that Black children lack role models as an explanation for inequality.

Minimization of Racism

Downplays racism as a major factor in racial inequality.

Example of Minimization of Racism

"Racism isn't what it used to be" or "People are too sensitive these days."

Interconnectedness of the Four Frames

The four frames work together to justify and maintain racial inequality.

Abstract Liberalism and Color

Blind Racism

Cultural Racism and Color

Blind Racism

Naturalization and Minimization

Shift responsibility away from systemic racism by making racial disparities appear natural or exaggerated.