Human Growth and Development

Define habituation in the context of newborns.

The ability to recognize and become accustomed to repeated stimuli.

Define preterm.

An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation.

How does the circulatory system adapt at birth?

The first breath and pressure change lead to increased blood flow to the lungs and decreased resistance.

List some benefits of Kangaroo Care for the baby.

Stable heart rate, improved oxygen saturation, better temperature regulation, and more successful breastfeeding.

What are common causes of low birth weight?

Preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction.

What are immediate complications associated with low birth weight?

Temperature regulation and nutrition/feeding issues.

What are immediate complications of preterm infants?

Underdeveloped organs, surfactant deficiency, retinopathy of prematurity, and increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage.

What are signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy?

Listlessness, difficulty waking, high-pitched crying, poor feeding, and backward arching of the neck.

What are some complications associated with large for gestational age infants?

Shoulder dystocia, clavicle or limb fractures, brachial plexus injury, respiratory distress, meconium aspiration, and hypoglycemia.

What are some examples of teratogens?

Substance use (drugs, alcohol), environmental toxins (lead, chemicals), and infections.

What are some pain management techniques for neonates?

Gentle handling, kangaroo care, breastfeeding, swaddling, and minimizing environmental stimuli.

What are some risk factors for low birth weight?

Preterm labor, maternal chronic health conditions, infections, substance use, and environmental toxins.

What are some self-calming behaviors in neonates?

Hand to face/mouth, sucking on hands or pacifiers, maintaining flexed posture, and gaze aversion.

What are some undesirable effects of opioid analgesia in neonates?

Hypotension, decreased gut motility, increased duration of ventilation, and withdrawal signs after short treatment.

What are the classifications of gestational age?

Preterm (before 37 weeks), Term (37 weeks to 41 weeks 6 days), Post term (≥ 42 weeks).

What are the desirable effects of opioid analgesia in neonates?

Sedative properties.

What are the key behavioral adaptations of a newborn?

Orientation, habituation, motor maturity, self-quieting ability, and social behaviors.

What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.

What are the three primary stages of prenatal development?

Pre-embryonic period, Embryonic Development, and Fetal Development.

What causes physiological jaundice in neonates?

Hyperbilirubinemia due to the breakdown of red blood cells.

What challenges exist in assessing pain in infants?

Inability to describe pain, limited behavioral responses, and difficulty validating pain presence.

What classification does the AAP recommend for newborns?

Classified by gestational age and birthweight.

What complications can arise from post-term infants?

Decreased placental function, tissue wasting, meconium aspiration, and increased risk for hypoglycemia.

What defines large for gestational age (LGA)?

Infants whose weight is above the 90th percentile.

What defines small for gestational age (SGA)?

Infants whose weight is less than the 10th percentile for gestational age.

What does a grimace or frown in the APGAR scoring indicate?

A score of 1 in the grimace category, indicating some reflex response.

What does a score of 0-3 on the APGAR scale indicate?

Low condition of the newborn.

What does a score of 7-10 on the APGAR scale indicate?

Average condition of the newborn.

What does a score of 10 on the Silverman-Anderson Index indicate?

Severe respiratory distress.

What does LGA stand for?

Large for Gestational Age, meaning above the 90th percentile for their gestational age.

What does orientation in newborns refer to?

The movement of head and eyes in response to auditory and visual stimuli.

What does SGA stand for in newborn assessment?

Small for Gestational Age, meaning weight is less than the 10th percentile for their gestational age.

What does the acronym APGAR stand for?

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiratory effort.

What gestational age defines a preterm infant?

Born before 37 weeks of gestation.

What happens during the fetal period?

It is the main period of growth for organs and systems, starting from week 9 until birth.

What happens to the baby's breathing at birth?

Exposure to air and temperature change stimulates the infant to take a breath, usually within 10 seconds.

What happens to the embryo by the end of the 8th week?

All major organ systems are present and ready to mature.

What interventions are recommended for jaundice in neonates?

Hydration, early feedings to promote elimination, and phototherapy.

What is a blastocyst?

The structure formed from the zygote that consists of a trophoblast (outer) and an embryoblast (inner).

What is a critical period of development?

A time when exposure to teratogens can cause congenital malformations.

What is a neonate?

An infant less than 4 weeks old.

What is a post term birth?

Birth that occurs at or after 42 weeks of gestation.

What is a teratogen?

An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo.

What is a zygote?

A single cell resulting from the fertilization of the female gamete by the male gamete.

What is considered a term birth?

Birth that occurs between 37 weeks and 41 weeks, 6 days of gestation.

What is considered low birth weight (LBW)?

Less than 2500 grams (5 lbs 8 oz) at birth.

What is gestational age (GA)?

The time from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) to the date of delivery.

What is Kangaroo Care?

Skin-to-skin contact where caregivers hold their babies upright against their chest for 2-3 hours a day.

What is kernicterus?

Bilirubin-induced neurologic damage resulting from high bilirubin levels.

What is macrosomia?

Infant weight greater than 4000 grams (8.8 lbs).

What is motor maturity in newborns?

Smoother and more organized movements with improved quality of tone.

What is neurulation?

The process of forming the neural tube, which develops into the spinal cord, brain, and skull.

What is organogenesis?

The differentiation of the three germ layers into organs.

What is physiological flexion in neonates?

A posture where the infant's limbs are flexed, promoting stability and comfort.

What is self-quieting ability in newborns?

The capacity to habituate to external stimuli and self-regulate behaviors like crying.

What is the ABCs of sleep safety for infants?

Alone, on their Back, in a Crib.

What is the CRIES tool used for?

To assess pain based on crying, oxygen requirements, increased vital signs, facial expression, and sleeplessness.

What is the definition of gestational age (GA)?

Time from the first day of the last menstrual period to the date of delivery.

What is the duration of the Pre-embryonic period?

From conception to week 2.

What is the email format for contacting the course instructor?

Contact via email for office hours by appointment.

What is the embryonic period critical for?

The development of all major external and internal structures.

What is the first organ system to develop?

The cardiovascular system.

What is the goal regarding pain in neonates?

To prevent pain in neonates due to ethical considerations and potential deleterious consequences.

What is the highest possible score on the APGAR scale?

10.

What is the importance of newborn screening tests?

To identify potential health issues early in life.

What is the infant mortality rate for low birth weight (LBW) infants compared to normal birth weight infants?

Approximately 20 times higher.

What is the main focus of the course DPT 5147?

An overview of typical development from embryology throughout the lifespan.

What is the mechanism of action for opioid analgesia in neonates?

Not fully defined.

What is the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS)?

A scale that assesses pain through respiratory patterns, vital signs, and body movements.

What is the neonatal period?

The period from birth to one month of age, involving adjustment to life outside the womb.

What is the Pain Assessment Tool (PAT)?

A tool that assesses pain based on respirations, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure.

What is the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)?

A tool that assesses pain based on heart rate and oxygen saturation.

What is the primary focus of the self-assessment quiz in the course?

To help students identify their learning styles and preferences.

What is the process of cleavage?

A period of rapid cell division following fertilization.

What is the purpose of the 'Let's Review APGAR Scoring' section?

To practice calculating the APGAR score based on given parameters.

What is the purpose of the 'Think - Pair - Share' activity?

To reflect on lecture content and discuss important concepts with peers.

What is the purpose of the APGAR score?

To assess the newborn's condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

What is the purpose of the Kahoot activity mentioned in the course?

To engage students in a fun, interactive way to review course material.

What is the recommended action if an infant is found sleeping on their stomach?

Immediately reposition them to sleep on their back.

What is the recommended sleep position for infants to reduce SIDS risk?

Supine (on their back).

What is the role of tactile stimulation in APGAR scoring?

To assess reflex response in the grimace category.

What is the role of the notochord?

It defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo and induces the formation of the neural plate.

What is the significance of a newborn's skin color in the APGAR score?

It assesses the newborn's oxygenation and overall health.

What is the significance of body temperature at birth?

A dramatic drop in temperature promotes the burning of brown fat for warmth.

What is the significance of studying embryology?

It helps understand congenital anomalies and birth defects, which are leading causes of infant mortality.

What is the significance of surfactant secretion during fetal development?

It is crucial for lung function and typically occurs around 24 weeks of gestation.

What is the significance of the 5-minute APGAR score?

It helps determine the newborn's need for resuscitation and overall health.

What is the significance of the embryonic period in terms of congenital disorders?

Exposure to teratogens during this period is related to approximately 5% of congenital disorders.

What is the significance of the term 'average for gestational age' (AGA)?

Infants whose weight is between the 10th and 90th percentiles for their gestational age.

What is the Silverman-Anderson Index used for?

To assess the degree of respiratory distress in preterm infants.

What is the survival rate for babies delivered before 23 weeks of age?

Approximately 5-6% survival rate with significant morbidity in survivors.

What is the typical APGAR score for a full-term infant at 1 minute?

6-7.

What is the typical heart rate that corresponds to a score of 2 in the APGAR pulse category?

Greater than 100 beats per minute.

What is the typical resting posture of a newborn?

Flexion of limbs with the upper and lower extremities closely adducted to the trunk.

What is the typical sleep duration for newborns?

Newborns typically sleep about 16-18 hours a day.

What is very low birth weight (VLBW)?

Infant less than 1500 grams.

What long-term outcomes are associated with preterm infants?

Increased risk for developmental delays, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disorders, and sensory issues.

What long-term risks are associated with low birth weight?

Certain health conditions, developmental delays, and mental health issues.

What occurs during the Embryonic Development stage?

Gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis occur during weeks 2-8.

What percentage of US babies are born preterm?

About 10%.