Engels literature so | Quizlet

Victorian Period

(1837-1901) Charles Dickens - Oliver Twist

allegory

A story in which characters, settings, and events represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. For example, a knight might represent "Faith" fighting against "Sin" as a dragon. Though Beowulf isn't strictly an allegory, its battles with monsters can symbolize the struggle between good and evil.

Neoclassical Period

(c. 1660-1798) Gulliver's Travels - Jonathan Swift, Robinson Crusoe - Daniel Dafoe

alliteration

the repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words. Herhaling van beginmedeklinkers in dicht op elkaar geplaatste woorden. In Old English there is much alliteration.

archetype

a universal symbol, character, or situation found across cultures and times. In medieval literature, archetypes like the hero, the wise old man, or the evil monster appear frequently. Beowulf is a hero archetype: brave, strong, noble.

epithet

A phrase that describes a person or thing, without telling their name. In Old English, these were used to aid memory in oral storytelling. Example: "ring-giver" (for a king)

Hadrian's Wall

a Roman defensive fortification in northern England, built around 122 AD. Though from the Roman period, in medieval and later literature it came to represent the boundary (de grens tussen) between the civilized world and the dangerous unknown. (het beschaafde en het gevaarlijke onbekende)

Link-and-frame story

a narrative structure where a main story (the frame) contains several shorter stories (the links). Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is a Middle English example: the pilgrimage is the frame, and each tale is told by a different character. Een vertelstructuur waarbij een hoofdverhaal meerdere korte verhalen bevat.

Norman Conquest

Normandische verovering, The Norman Conquest of 1066 was when William the Conqueror from Normandy (France) invaded and took over England. This marked the end of the Old English period and the beginning of Middle English. It drastically changed the English language by introducing many French and Latin words.

Old English

Old English is the earliest form of the English language, It is the language of Beowulf and is very different from modern English.

satire

the use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize people or society. It became more prominent in Middle English works, like The Canterbury Tales, where characters represent flaws in society (e.g., the corrupt Pardoner).

scops

Anglo-Saxon poets or bards who told stories and sang heroic songs in royal halls. They preserved history, entertained warriors, and glorified heroic deeds. The scop might be imagined performing Beowulf to an audience in a mead hall. Entertainer

Old English Period

(c. 450-1066) Beowulf

Middle English Period

(c. 1066-1500) Canterbury Tales - Chaucer

Renaissance / Elizabethan Period

(c. 1500-1660) William Shakespeare

Romantic Period

(c. 1798-1837) Mary Shelley - Frankenstein

Modernist and Postmodernist Period

(c. 1901-present) 1984 - George Orwell

caesura

a pause or break in the middle of a line of poetry, often marked by punctuation or a natural speech pause. The caesura (pause) helps split the line into two balanced parts and creates a rhythmic, Example: "The night was dark, || the winds howled loud." Sentence ends in the middle of the line

end rhyme

End rhyme is when two lines of poetry end with words that sound the same. This became popular in Middle English poetry (like Chaucer's Canterbury Tales), but was not a feature of Old English poetry, which preferred alliteration.

epic poem

An epic poem is a long, narrative (verteld) poem that tells the story of a heroic figure performing great deeds, often involving battles, monsters, and journeys. Beowulf is a classic Old English epic. Lord of the rings is a modern epic.

oral tradition

When a story is transmitted by speaking. Beowulf originated from an oral tradition

retainer

A warrior who supports the king in in exchange for protection. a loyal warrior who served a king or lord in exchange for land, treasure, and protection. In Beowulf, Beowulf and his men are retainers to their lords. Loyalty between lord and retainer was a central value in Anglo-Saxon culture.

stanza

a grouped set of lines in a poem, often with a regular rhyme or meter (met een vaste rijm of metrum). Middle English poetry, like Chaucer's, began using stanzas with rhyme schemes. Een strofe

thanes

noble warriors or landholders who served a king or overlord in Anglo-Saxon England. They were similar to knights later in the medieval period. Beowulf himself is a thane at the beginning of the poem. Loyalty and bravery were expected traits of a thane.

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