A Level CIE Travel and Tourism: Destination Development and Management

195

parties involved in destinations development and management

• host population - local communities

• visitors - people who come to visit destination for leisure or business

• industry representatives - including NTOs, DMCs, NGOs that are present in the destination

tourism development

growth and maintenance of various aspects of the tourism industry e.g. creating tourist product from a basic idea to achieving the final outcome such as new hotel or resort.

policies and planning

integral to successful tourism development, as is working in partnership w diff sectors

strategies

must be made to boost and sustain tourism development in all destinations. 

organisations involved in destination management:

• national or local gov depts

• local authorities regional tourism orgs

• international companies (dmcs)

• ngos

• commercial orgs

what do govs, ministries and ntos do

they play an important role in encouraging tourism development. assist with development of tourist attractions and events and promote the destination as well as support development by providing essential infrastructure: access, services and amenities that allow dest to grow

• strategic development

• research, funding and budgets

• setting priorities and objs

strategic development

• govs have responsibility for managing tourism within budget

• provide research, development, funding in order to fulfil successful sustainable tourism strategy for destination

• aim to minimise negative impacts of tourism and maximise positive

• protect envionment while encouraging investment and develop econ bens of tourism

• NTOs can protect and manage areas by supporting passing of laws and by-laws such as designating area as national park or area of outstanding antural beauty (AONB). 

• encourage new bus and innovations to expand tourism provision to both mass and specialised/niche markets

• gov mins and ntos employ key mkting strats to develop tourisma dn rpomote positive images of area. 

• developing strong dest image is vital to promoting it to as many tourists as possible. 

• retaining tourism numbers and encouraging repeat visitors essential

research, funding, and budgets

• ntos rely on good research to show performance and collect data to see trends and improve prods and services by sharing w regional and local orgs. helps remain competitive.

• govs fund nto and offer grants to support regional and local tourism orgs and amt depends on econ wellbeing

• funds reduced if unfavourable global trends e.g. covid but other places e..g visit scotland offered support pakcages to tourism groups to help ensure survival at time hwen travel restrictions where orgs could share to receive money.

• each gov and nto keeps detailedd records of income and expenditure and responsible for setting and overseeing budgets w accurate targets e.g. on r&d and liaise w other orgs lcoal and regoinal to attarct more vis and generate more income = stronger econ

• gov collect taxes annually which is spent on public services + tourism industry

• amt money given often fluctuates and this means that each org must carefully plan how they spend their allocated money e.g. mkting, bus dev and supporting smaller toursim orgs thru adivec and guidance.

setting priorities and objectives

• govs have many priorities and objs

• attempt to strengthen their economy and improve lives and wellbeing of all citizens

• govs can take advantage of econ bens by encouraging tourism development and promo

• ntos try to stim demand for tourism thru r&d to assess potential markets

• prioritise mkting and promo work to encourage visitors to their destination.

• may also include supporting recovery after natural disaster, global econ recession or terrorist activity

what do local authorities and regional tourism organisations do

gov funded orgs that provide a service to both local and visiting pops. engage in activities that help boost image of local area and serviecs thru mkting and promo campaigns. ensure services provided for locals and businesses through overseeing land use planning, planning control, infrastructrue dev and control, and visitor mgement.

• land use planning

• planning control

• local infrastructure and dev control

• regional and local promo and mkting

• visitor mgement

land use planning

• process of regulating use of land

• prevents undesirable use of land and helps encourage better use of environmental resources

• land use planners consider both social nad environmental issues and attempt to make areas less congested and more sustainable

• there are 6 objs that can be carefully monitored

• prevents unwanted devs and ensures efficient use of land and resources

planning control

• local authorities can approve/refuse plans req by tourism devs

• oversee mgment of land and buildings to prevent inappropriate devs

• usually consultation process where plans are displayed for interested groups to assess suitability of new dev or change in function or operation e.g. factory → heritage

• regional tourism orgs can offer advice on completing plannig applications 

• planning reqs many permissions esp if dev involves tourist accom

• lcoals unhappy at proposal for new hotel if near residential area as more cars and visitors

• sensitive areas or environmental significant may have restrictions for any devs e.g. national park

local infrastructure development and control

• major infrastructrue devs in towns and cities allow for improvements in access and amenities that could support and develop employment opportunities

• tourism customers need good access to and around destinations otherwise cant visit and go elsewhere

• locals liaise w gov to organise building of power supplies including gas electric water hydro solar wind and thermal (sunstaionable)

• locals oversee work of waste collection, sewerage plants and sometimes destination plants

• develop sustainable transport e.g. electrib buses

• improve visitor and local lives

regional and local promotion and marketing

• carry sig amt of marketing and promo of dest. many local authorities brand destination to create image w strong identity or perceived identity = greater customer interest and dest propserity

• mkting promo forms: newspaper ads, competitions, magazines and journal ads, local or regional radio ads, public relations local stories, tv, online social media web blogs, cinema ads, billboards.

• work w nat govs and nat tourist boards so no duplication of efforts

visitor management

• each local and regional authority researches own area to assess and most visit places and manage environmentally sensitive sites

• tics used to educate tourists abt sensitive sites and give advice on how to prevent further damage

• local tourism vital to regional economy thru jobs and wealth but if too many visit can spoil resource and visitor experience

• authorities anticipate tourism demand thru data collection. fluctuates naturally thru seaosns, capcity and time of day but needs to be managed flows to ensure benefits

• most common managing = pricing mechanisms = entrace fees or parking. park and ride schemes → car park to bus so lses environmental impact.

• carying capcity = limited no. visitors to protect env. group sizes restricted in sensitiev areas and permits needed e.g. grand canyon usa

ngos

charitable ventures that rely on donations from their various supporters. they support a particular cause e.g. animal protection, empowering women in business or supporting responsible cultural and environmental issues. can support activities that increase profile of local dest

examples of ngos

wwf - focus on protecting environment, using renewable resources and reducing pollution and they encourage more local travel for holidays by asking tourists to reduce no. flights taken and supprot socio-cultural environmental protection of landscape

other:

• center for responsible travel (CREST)

• destination stewardship center

• green destinations

• sustainable travel international

• tourism cares

• the travel foundation

come together to set sustainability standards, prevent negative climate change and encourage ppl and orgs to act repsonsibily and protect resources.

ngo 6 functions

• research, fund raise, develop and finance projects

• provide specialist knowledge and expert staff to oversee projects

• provide guidance in regional planning for projcets

• provide assistance w training and education of local communities

• promote awareness of political, environmental, and socio-cultural issues

• promote awareness of demand for specialised tourism products

provide specialist knowledge and expert staff to oversee projects

• many ngos have highly qualified staff who can give advice and suggest practical solutions to new and established tourism orgs or communities

• conservation experts can provide alternative strats for local community to protect endangered elephants e.g. in asia, ngos support elephant rescue centres and fight illegal elephant tourist work

• ngo staff can give advice and suppport to help monitor and fund protected elephant habitats

• working w experts, local comm can establish good sustianable practices and learn solutions for future to protect their land and animals

provide guidance in regional planning for projects

• regional planning includes diff land use projects and activities that help to develop and grow an area including building of infrastructure to support rural or urban landscape and development of resrots,, shopping centres, offices and housing.

• ngos have an interest in usch projects to assist control of devs that may have historic and environmental significance

• regional planners consult ngos for guidance on preservation of buildings, landscapes or other items of arcaheological or historical significant e.g. bell towers, statues, old factories

provide assistance w training and education of local communities

• focus for many ngos is social/political influence had.

• role fo trainig and education is integral to main goal to spread knowledge and understanding of aims and objs which prevents possible exploitation of locals and resources e.g.:

  • educaiton for empowering local girls in rural dest offering them cahnce to learn how to support themselves and their families

  • assistance for schools thru provision of teachers, books and computer access, helping reduce illiteracy providing futures for many children

  • sustainable training projects including vocational skills that can be useful for dev young adults as well as children

research, fund-raise, develop and finance projects

• research conducted to assess suitabliity of area for sustianable tourism

• ngos offer expert knowledge of dest and may highlight negative issues affecing environment e.g. retaining important habitats for rare animals e.g. blakc rhino and snow leopard

• consultation w ngos by govs and commercial orgs very common

• partners, develoipers and DMCs also use ngo info to deliver sustainable prods and services

• research findings often allow for niche tourism projects to flourish such as agri-tourism (farm based)

• ngos may provide funding support in many LEDCs where locals given options to help poverty reduction including voluntourism (popular within africa and central america) where volunteers give assistance in setting up and running of sustainable tourism projects e.g. small guest houses which benefit locals w direct and indirect tourism employment.

promote awareness of political, environmental and socio-cultural issues

• main obj to to fulfill ethical/moral change by highlighting inequalities and attempting to improve lives of million

• ngo work e.g. planning native rainforest trees in brazil, protecting indigenous in south america.

• by bringin awareness of environmental or scoial injustices, ngo integral to dest dev and management

promote awareness of demand for specialised tourism products

• ngos support and work for benefit diff causes

• have influence to promote specialised tourism products that are associated w their philosophies

• some of most popular are nature absed oturism, community tousim and agri tourism.

• products aim to have long term viability thru their sustianable approach. 

• hope is to make dest offering specialised prods successful and competitive.

commercial organisations

privately owned businesses and their main concern is generating profit to pay dividends to owners or shareholders. they take part in all types of activity that adverties and promotes brand, raises awareness among potential customers and lead to increase in sales to boost revenues

e.g. tour operators, travel agents, accom providers, transport operators, attractions and guiding services. these put together packages that they market to public and sell

commercial org types

• overseas travel agents and inbound, outbound or specialist tour operators

• local businesses

overseas travel agents and inbound, outbound or specialist tour operators

• role of tour operator is put together the different components for a holiday and sell them as package to customer

• inbound and outbound tour operators such as TUI research destinations carefully and choose accom and transport methods suitable for each of their markets

• then package these products, set prices and undertake marketing and promotional work to sell their holioday prods to wide variety of customers

• specialist tour operators plan and organise tours that follow trends in industry

• catery for smaller markets and give advice and guidance on each products they sell. 

• specialist operators are similar to larger tour operators in that htey must be financially stable hav egood management structures and be able to effectively promote and sell products. they have expert knowledge and are educatosr as well as holiday providers. spend time collecting and researching appropriate activities. these are then placed online or in brochure ready to be targeted to specific niche market such as adventure, eco and culture

• each operator offers packages that theyve selected and checked. they then market holiday packages online. may be ancillar services associated e.g. activties, insurance, and car hire.

local businesses 

• tt industry made up of many diverse orgs from very small 1 person guiding companies to large multinational hotel chains. comoplex industry

• hundreds of diff accom providers in tourism industry from camping yurts to 7 star hotelsn, some local bus. 

• give customers place to rest and stay and may also provide food, cleaning and activtieis

• money made used to pay staff, maintain establishment and make profit. 

• sometimes accom work w local enterprises to support wellbeing of host population and may have missions to be ecofriendly 

• transport operators are integral to travel and tourism industry. without them industry wont funcntion bc passengers need to be moved from and within destination so local bus profit from doing this e.g. water taxis venice, tuktuk thailand, bike thailand and vietnam - local knowledge helps go faster. 

• some operators funded by gov e.g. bus in luxembourg and others private e.g. greyhound usa so depends on customer price, timing and competition

• loca bus also icnlude attractions. commercial attractions support dest and can be purpose of visit and satisfy range of interests and cultures including historic, cultural, sporting and entertainment venues. may also be local carnis or festivals

• guiding services may be provided by local bus often as part of organised trip. local guides have a detailed knowledge of area

• commercial orgs keen to dev and provide new p&s that keep them updated in competitive industry to satisfy new customers and offer current more choice.

• by expanding cusomter base, more chance of success and therefore economic benefits. indsutry has always been easily affected by trends, global events and new fashions, therefore dynamic approach to developing new prod and services prevents stagnation and offers chance of staying relevant particularly in struggling market

dmc

company that uses extensive local knowledge and resources to offer professional service including organising and runing events, assisting with transport, activities and sourcing accomodation. can organise meetings and book accom and restaurants to particular requirements.

by coordinating all plannign elements and logistics for any service required, such as excursions, conference,s events, dmcs can offer competitive fees as have established contacts within industry. through these services, visitors can experience unique, cultural, historic sites of interest

dmc roles

providers of ground services

conference and event organisers

providers of ground services

• holiday begins w airport - large commercial ventures w shops, restaurants, cafes, toilets, showers, car park, prayer rooms and must accomodate passaengers while waiting w safety measures and checks on luggage and indiviudla

• ground oeprations involves all aspects of aircraft handling at airporst e.g. refuelling, cleaning, catering and aircraft mogvement. air traffic control supervise craft for takeoffs and landnigns

• dmcs understand airport procedures at airports and this helps them provide range of ground services for cusomters at airport including norganising ticketing, easy check in, advising on oversized baggage handling and lost baggage.

• dms organise all aspects of ground services to ensure the smooth running of the holiday experience.

• customers use dmcs as they can rely on their experience to transport them safely to their destination and provide accom and catering services.

• offer range of excursiosn that customers can book.

• these companies have plenty of experience within dest and it is this expert knowledge that creates successful planning and trips all customer types

conference and event organisers

• dmcs can organise conferences and evnetson global scale

• Meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibition industry will be worht estimatied 14,293 billion USD by 2025.

• dmcs have many contacts w venues and orgs to assist w providing for needs of business tourist

• venues important for staging conference

• should have lal facilities and amenities to host many ppl w option of small meeting rooms

• bus customers have diff needs and wants to leisure customres and many of top destinations can facilitate bus centres, wifi, computer access, printing, audio, and visual equipmemnt

• dmcs also need to be able to include entertainment nad leisure activites for bus customers and their spouses.

destination management activities

• sustianable tourism policies and practices

• dev of new prods

• vis and traffic mgment

• dest branding and marketing as mass/specialisdew market

• partnership of commercial and non commercial orgs, local community and vis

• investment in long term bens for local community and tourism econ

• community involvement, community projects, education, training and employment of locals

• planning control

• widening access to facilities

• regular environmental impact auditing (EIA)

• comm and liason w vis and providers and provision of vis info’

• monitoring and eval of how dest is being managed

• encouraging responsible and ethical tourist behavior

sustainable tourism definition (WTO)

• development requires informed participation of all relevant stakeholders as well as strong poli leadership to ensure wide particip and consensus buidling. continuous and needs constant monitoring of impacts w/ necessary preventive or corrective measures when necessary

• needs high lvl of tourist satisfaction and ensure meaningful experience to tourists, raising awareness abt sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices amongst them

sustianable tourism policies and practices

• forefront of most industries

• includes holidays that positively impact local comms, env, holidaymakers and tourism bus

• tourism dev are heavily influenced e.g. derelict areas regeneration, new approaches to building hotels and visitor attractions, staging of events, minimising neg impacts of large groups on env

• new or rejuvenated places subject to strict building and planning regulations to prevent poor use of mats, safeguard dest image and enhance built env

• govs can influence dev policies and issue guidelines to tourist devs

• bus need to meet cus demands and protect resource that future depends on

• good practices shld boost local economies and employment opps while improving quality for holidaymaker

carrying capacity definition

no. individuals who can be supported in given area within natural resource limits, and w/o degrading natural social, cultural, and econ env for present and future

carrying capacity

• sustainable toursim policies involve identifying max carrying cap of dest

• if exceeded = change in physical env = decline in qual of consumers experience

• keeping tourists happy important but shouldnt be deteriment to landscape and locals

• limits to no. restaurants, bars, and hotels dest requires

• if tourism so pop that area tries to dev more facilities to cater to greater no. visitors = impact on env so when is saturatoin

• exceeding phys capacity damages native plants and wildlife

• overcrowding and congestion limits enjoyment and experience of adventurous activites reducing remotenes and uniqueness of experience

responsible tourism

• more bus are developing this

• emphasises that all stakeholders responsible for kind of tourism they dev or engage in to imrpove tourism without causing harm or degrading culture/environment of dest and ppl

• for cape town declaration on responsible tourism:

  • minimises neg econ, env, and scoail impact

  • gens greater econ bens for locals and enhances wellbeing of host comms, improves worknig conds and access to industry

  • improves locals lives and life chances

  • makes positive contribs to conservation of natural and cultural heritage to maintenance of worlds diversity

  • provides enjoyable experience for tourists w/ meaningful connections w locals, understanding of local cultural social and env issues

  • access for ppl w disabilities

  • culturally sensitive rpomoting respect betw tourists and hosts building local pride and confidence

dev of new prod and serv

• competitive environment so this is necessary (can be niche, accom, equipment, instruction, insurance, holiday risks)

• factors needed to be considered:

  • dest location and accessibility (comp)

  • price

  • hours of operation (new prod or serv available 24/7 during season or seasonal)

  • mkting and promo (how to sell to cust, how easy to buy)

visitor and traffic management

• methods depend on bus (whether in natural or urban area)

• overcrowding and traffic can deter future customers

• successful methods of vis management used:

  • creating park and ride schemes

  • seasonal/temporal limitation of vis no.

  • zoning areas

  • pedestrian areas

  • using interpretation boards, signage, maps, brochures, leaflets

  • restricting use by diff groups - ages/genders/heights/size etc.

  • steering vis flows w natural features e.g. pathways, trails, roads, etc

  • use of tech for e-tickets, fast passes etc.

  • use of pricing mechanisms to encourage and discourage cust usage at diff times seasonally/daily etc.

dest branding and mkting as mass/specialised mkt

• strong brands enable potential visitors to know product and can act as strong pull factor/differentiate esp in mass tourist mkt

• can focus on segments e.g. accor - movenpick, ibis, novotel etc. focused on diff

partnership of commercial and non commercial organisations, the local community and visitors

• dmcs must invovle all involved parties to ensure their activities successful.

• work with locals to provide accurate and authetnic experiences

• helps w prod dev, training, educational events, sales support, incentives and joint mktign

investment in long-term bens for locals and tourism economy

• tourism can have long lasting benefit to locals through funds gained invested into projects that benefit e.g. infrastructure (park, community centre).

• ensures ppl can enjoy socio-cultural and ecconomic benefits e.g. doctors, football grounds. must be discussed and willl also beenfit tourists e.g. theatre

community involvement, community projects, education, training and employment of locals

• local community involvement integral to successful sustainable tourism

• dmcs wish to have strong links to communities bc without that, local customs and knowledge lost and difficulties may arise if poor comms and lack of understanding of dest

• dmc needs support and invovlement of locals for events so if objections = extra costs and bad relationsihps

• dmcs help comm projects e.g. small tourism enterprises e.g. food and accom bus by booking their facilities rather than using larger multinational orgs

• tourism brings a wealth of opps for staff training, education, personal dev from mgment to cust service (large variety of areas where new skills benefit holiday makers and employees)

• tourism jobs need face-to-face

• good training bens the rep of any tourism orgs - increase rev for local community who benefit from direct or indirect tourism roles, appropriate training also essential for health and safety aspects of tourism industry.

• govs have sponsored trainign shcemes to assist w this and more tourism qualifications available

• many ledcs look for tourism for new job opps

• dest management can boost no. vis received and can dev new employment roles e.g. guides, craft makers, souvenir sellers. can improve whole area and for locals and have more managerial positions.

planning control

• prevents unsightly and inappropriate building as large scale devs without sensible restrictions can spoil the aesthetics of a dest and put strain on facilities and amenities. planners consider:

  • sustainability of dev (include green spaces and support ecosystems)

  • size of dev must be within limits and consider proximity to other

  • considering local habitats e.g. land and marine animals protected

  • tree preservation

  • use of materials sympathetic to area (e.g. local instead of improted)

  • prevention of building in conservation or World Heritage site

  • height of dev (can’t exceed certain heights depends on area)

widening access to facilities

• vis mgment must consider all types of customers and accessibility (specific needs - physical e.g. wheelchair, illnesses, limited vision, impaired hearing, educational needs)

• poor dev = inacessible = barrier for all types of customers maybe bc lack of investment or bc dest dev too rapid. bad coping = beaches closing or limits on vis no.

regular environmental impact auditing (EIA)

• useful tool to allow policy makers and mgers to assess and predict the environmental impacts of any proposed dev and may reveal + or - impacts

• assits decision makers on whether to proceed w project e.g. new resort, pool, mall

• using eia can reduce loss of natural resources and env deg or social disruption that can accompany tourism devs

• subject to public consultation to allay fears by locals but most eia strongly linkedto carrying cap of area

• must be continualyl reviwed and monitored (anually or seasonally) (sometimes required by law) which shows amt of damage to env overtime so action can be taken after inspections

• inspections will show damage to footpaths, evidence of pollution which = maintenace and clean ups allowniog tourists and locals to enjoy env

communicaiton and liason w visitosr and providers and provission of visitor info

• dest mgment activities continually evolve and ensure effective comm w vis and providers hapens before, during and after any visit.

• need to know abt new p&s e.g. launch of new hootel, restaurant or cruise

• networking w providers allows for exhcange of current ideas and social media easy and quick to interact/liase w new and established providers

monitoring and eval of how dest is being managed

• once toursit dest dev, monitoring and eval essential

• dynamic industry so cant stagnate

• must be up to date w tech and changing needs of cust to be viable

• planning for new devs or refurbishing regen of current projects shld also be considered

• several ways to monitor and eval

encouraging responsible and ethical tourist behavior

• responsibel tourism creates and maintains positive impacts at a destination while encouraging ethical behavior

• when practised good behavior by both tourist and tourism provider can provide excellent sustainable econ bens

promoting respect for locals and customs and env

• responsible tourism aims topromot respect for locals and customs

• good bheavior is vital to protect and have good relationships

• educated and informed tourists can bring positive messages abt tourism to areas they are visiting

• respectufl clothes, atittudes and behavior should be researched.

• tour operators have potential to ensure appropriate behavior at dests is understood by tourists by providing info in brochures and online

supporting the locals and encouraging prod of local produce

• responsible tourism encourages vis to make sust choices to support local ppl and buy local produce

• homestays more popular and allow vis to enjoy experience of seeing directly hwo diff cultures live and work

• gives locals direct econ bens from tourists

• buying local produce e.g. fruit and veg supporst local farmers and encourages more production

• production of local souvenirs cna support econ and prvent illegal trrade of animal souvenirs e.g. ivor

objectives of tourism dev and mgment:

• econ

• env

• socio-cultural

• political

2 econ objectives of tourism dev and mgment

• maximisation of retention of visitor spending

• investment of tourism income in public and social projects for local community

maximisation of the retention of visitor spending 3

• growing and retaining visitor spendings is vital for longterm econ security so to do this must know cust needs and wants and adapt prods and serv

• dests have to evolve to keep up so must be clear vision and asses what vis experience needs or lacks and respon appropriately e.g. extend season with MICE or overseas cust segs

• employ well trained and qualified staff who can deal w range of cust queries from complaints to advice and may also take op to dev skills w training

investment of tourism income in public and social projs for local comm

• tourist sector major investment contributor benefiting locals and tourists as ethical travel orgs employ local guides and invest in bus start ups and social projects e.g. fair trade, education

• varies between countries depedning on tourist dependency

• helps to develop infrastructure and community facilities e.g. car parks, toilets, cycle paths, well-lit streets

3 environmental objectives

• minimisation of negative impacts of tourism

• preservation, conservation, regen of local env and nautral dests, their flora and fauna

• sust use of resources

minimisation of negative impacts of tourism 5

• aim to work towards sustainable practices by educating visitors, staff and local community

• done by introducing entry fees to sites and charging for car parking

• local authorities introduce zoning of areas allowing for diff activities to be undertaken safely at diff times of day

• segregated areas where skiing, mountaing biking, hiking, and abseiling all compete for mountain access

• tourists restricted from areas or may be rerouted on new paths to allow for sites to be maintained and prevent further damage

preservation, conservation and regen of local env, natural dests, their flora and fauna

• ensuring tourism causes as little damage as poss within dest

• can support conservation work e.g. protecting sea turtle nest sites or protecting improtant meadows, prairies or savannas

• possible to regen environment through this

• new form of travel building on sust ecotoruism (regenerative travel) promotes lowering travel carbon footprint but also makes more pos changes to dest visited

• may be restoration of countryside area or assisting w setting up education programmes for disadv groups

sust use of resources

• stimulate improvements for ben of locals and vis

• using renewable resources e.g. water, wind, solar, wave energy

• unesco have sust tourism dev goals promoting careful use of env resources while maintaining ecological integrity to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity (all stakeholders must b involved)

6 socio-cultural objectives

• protection of local culture

• community involvement and empowerment

• widened access for all to facilities and assets

• provision of employment and staff development

• promotion of tourism education for the local population

• education of tourists to be environmentally and culturally aware

protection of local culture

• can sustain traditional festivals, customs, and traditions, UNESCO dedicated to this, world heritage list

• world heritage list ubpdated everyear and wants to recognize outsanding and international importance of sites around world. given legal rpotections to ensure preservation and enjoyment for future

• many areas locally can dev and promote culture and heritage by reusing buildings and redefining places.

• heritage centre instead of museums have become educational and preservation effort and interesting to tourists

• success depends on econ conds in world. attractions can be operated and owned by public priv or voluntary sectors and these work tgt for sust dev to:

  • create benefit to local, regional, and nat econ

  • provide vis satisfaction

  • improve and sustain quality of life for the locals

  • create profit for those involved

community involvement and empowerment

• tt orgs support conservation programmes and try to promote need for maintaing communities that struggle thru under dev

• wants to ensure maximum local benefit e.g. initiatives for climate change resistant variety of rice for farmers and feeding without asking for aid

• direct assistance from carefully planned holidayts involving locs for guiding, accom and produce.

• holidays help locals access basic healthcare, security and education

• communities control and dev projects that help revive local crafts and traiditonal activiteis

widened access for all to facilities and assets

• tourism dev planners must consider access for locals and visitors

• must be political support and balance between planning and funding for physical access

• easy access to info and up to date advice is vital to give a destination the opportunity to compete w others, allowing potential visitors to gain good insight into opps available

• good internet coverage and info sources are therefore essential.

• all benefit from inclusive devs

provision of employment and staff development

• tourism devs must retain local population in employment roles within dest.

• employment opps exist in travel agencies, hotels, tour operations, airlines, coach companies, and built and natural attractions (directly or indirectly e.g. support, food suppliers, insurance, retail). tending to be customer-facing, managerial or administrative

• most is part-time, seasonal = flexibility for workers

• staff must be cared for and given ops to dev personally and professionally as it = happy, skilled, and motivated staff who can demonstrate knowledge in safety, values and standards of tourism org. reflects well on reputation and retain staff.

• needs regular discussions, meetings, training ops should be identified for both team and personal objs and linked to orgs vision ormission statement

• dev in tt enhances transport, agri and construction as need for new networks, more supply, and more accom

promotion of tourism education for the local pop

• vital so that locals can support devs and be educated about econ devs they gain by helping rerduce damage to sensitive sites e.g. recycling plastics to protect oceans

• can be done through signage on beaches w info about dangers of dropping litter, lighting fires and leaving dog waste. locals pass on their knowledge and understanding

• locals can see value of personal dev and cna be encouraged to support tt industry by taking adv of ops available. trainig and education + community empowerment are strong predictors of community participation and involvement in tourism planning and dev

education of tourists to be environmentally and culturally aware

• tourists need to be educated before and during visit so theyre sensitive towards surroudnings and respectful of culture

• tour operators have advice and guidance in brochures and online outlining appropriate behavior e.g. photos not allowed in some places

• many orgs taht focus bus principles on sust and responsible toursim.

• holidays and tours packaged tg with good behavior in mind and attempt to give back to community, taking away little leaving as untouched as possible

2 poltiical objectives of tourism dev and mgment

• enhancing image and reputatoin

• international relatiosn

enhancing image and reputation

• tourism helps enhance image of area esp LEDCs or negatively perceived countries due to natural disasters or wars

• language an dculutre seen as essential for strong national identities and often more important that dests seen as safe and secure as tourists risk is key to decide on return or visit and repeats important to economies

• some govs attempt to improve countrys rep thru policies e.g. set clear goals for sust devs bc of fear over culutral and env losses caused govs to reconsider policies and commit to these

• these policies counter issue of mass and overtourism and allow dests to be more resilient and improve their rep

international relations

• having good inter rels enhances perception of area and increases mkting and promotional appeal

• good understanding between countries helps ease tourism movement between them e.g. reciprocal visa arrangements = good relations between govs

• extending options for foreign investors encourages work based travel and gives good op for diff nationalities to meet

• tourists may prefer booking internationally recognized hotels

4 positive economic impacts

• income generation and increase in foreign exchange

• job creation and training

• econ dev and dev of infrastructure

• multiplier effect