Psychological Disorders

Addictive behavior

________ might be a way to avoid withdrawal symptoms or to cope with stress.

Chlorpromazine

________- used for different purposes then noticed to treat schizophrenia.

Unstable environment

________- increased if having a gene affecting serotonin synapses.

Tolerance

________- decrease in effect of the drug; its learned and can be weakened through extinction procedures.

Methadone

________- similar to heroin and morphine, activates the same brain receptors and produces the same effects; it can be taken orally and it gradually enters the blood and brain avoiding the ‘ rush which disrupts behavior.

Efficacy

________- drugs tendency to activate /stimulate the receptor.

Affinity

________- tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor (varies from strong to weak)

Parental alcohol use

________ correlates with that of biological (stronger) and adopted children.

Prenatal environment

________: Pregnant drinking alcohol= child likely to develop alcoholism, same in rats.

Prenatal

________ or neonatal influences- genetic, environmental or both- produce abnormalities in the developing brain; vulnerability to disturbances at critical periods in childhood and adolescence such.

genetic predisposition

People with early- onset alcoholism- usually family history of alcoholism, ________, rapid onset of the problem.

Microdeletion

________- deletion of a small part of a chromosome, more common among ppl with schizophrenia.

Tricyclics

________ also block histamine and acetylcholine receptors, and certain sodium channels.

Antagonist

________- drug that blocks a neurotransmitter (inhibits), decreases activity at a synapse (low affinity, low efficacy)

Schizophrenia

________- emotional expression unconnected with current experiences; deterioration in everyday functioning for at least 6 months, delusions (illogical beliefs), hallucinations (false sensory experience), disorganized speech (rambling /incoherent), grossly disorganized behavior, weak emotional expression, speech and socialization.

Iproniazid

________- first antidepressant drug, it was firstly used to treat tuberculosis then they found out it works for depression.

Careful parental

________ supervision- child less likely to have impulse problems, even if have genes or antisocial behavior.

Serotonin

________ transporter gene- a protein that regulates the ability of axons to reabsorb ________ after its release;

MAOIs

________- monoamine oxidase inhibitors; they block the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

lower brain

People with depression have ________- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)- important for synaptic plasticity.

Cravings

________- insistent search for the activity /substance.

· Antabuse

________ (disulfiram)- antagonizes the enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde= sickness after drinking; nausea- inducing drug to associate the two- learned aversion.

Withdrawal

________- bodys reaction to the absence of drugs.

Positive symptoms

________- behaviors that are present that should be absent: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior.

Prenatal influence

________- women with schizophrenia often abuse drugs, alcohol, eat a poor diet and have complications during pregnancy and delivery.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

________ (ECT)- electrically induced seizure used for treatment of severe depression.

histamine

Blocking ________= drowsiness blocking acetylcholine= dry mouth,

Depression

________ could be an evolutionary adaptation- conserving energy after defeat of some sort or valid purpose for ancestors after physical injury.

Serotonin reuptake

________ into presynaptic neuron- serotonin transporter protein open to the outside of the neuron.

behavioral therapy

Cognitive- ________- equal effects for all levels of depression; increased metabolism in the same brain areas as antidepressants; reduces relapse into depression which is more likely after antidepressants.

left prefrontal

People without depression- happy mood= increased activity in the ________ cortex.

Negative symptoms

________- behaviors that are absent that should be present f. ex.

probability of addiction

The amount of produced dopamine doesnt correlate with pleasure or ________.

Agonist

________- drug that increases effects (facilitates), increases activity at a synapse (high affinity, high efficacy)

Dissociative identity disorder

________- multiple personality disorder.

Tricyclics

________- block the transporter protein that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron.

MAO

(________): presynaptic enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine) and serotonin into inactive chemicals.

Antagonist

drug that blocks a neurotransmitter (inhibits), decreases activity at a synapse (low affinity, low efficacy)

Agonist

drug that increases effects (facilitates), increases activity at a synapse (high affinity, high efficacy)

Mixed agonist-antagonist

agonist for some effects or doses and antagonist for others

Affinity

tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor (varies from strong to weak)

Efficacy

drugs tendency to activate/ stimulate the receptor

Unstable environment

increased if having a gene affecting serotonin synapses

Prenatal environment

Pregnant drinking alcohol = child likely to develop alcoholism, same in rats

Careful parental supervision

child less likely to have impulse problems, even if have genes or antisocial behavior

People with early-onset alcoholism

usually family history of alcoholism, genetic predisposition, rapid onset of the problem

Late onset

life difficulties, usually no history of alcoholism in family, respond better to treatment

stages

when its in the brain, during withdrawal and effects responsible for cravings

Cocaine, amphetamine, sexual excitement

increase or prolong the release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens

Alcohol, marijuana, nicotine

non-stimulants increase dopamine release but not much

Cravings

  insistent search for the activity/ substance

Tolerance

decrease in effect of the drug; its learned and can be weakened through extinction procedures

Withdrawal

bodys reaction to the absence of drugs

·         Antabuse (disulfiram)

antagonizes the enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde = sickness after drinking; nausea-inducing drug to associate the two-learned aversion

·         Naloxone and naltrexone

block opiate receptors and decrease pleasure from alcohol

Methadone

similar to heroin and morphine, activates the same brain receptors and produces the same effects; it can be taken orally and it gradually enters the blood and brain avoiding the ‘rush which disrupts behavior

Buprenorphine and levomethadyl acetate (LAAM)

long-lasting effects so people dont have to go to the clinic daily but 3 times a week

Increased activity of immune system

arise from injury, stressful experience, poor diet, etc

Different genes for depression found

different genetic variations in diff populations

Depression could be an evolutionary adaptation

conserving energy after defeat of some sort or valid purpose for ancestors after physical injury

Late onset depression (especially after 45-50)

likely to have relatives with circulatory problems

Serotonin transporter gene

a protein that regulates the ability of axons to reabsorb serotonin after its release;

People without depression

happy mood = increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex

Depressed people

higher activity in the right prefrontal cortex; the imbalance is stable over years despite changes in symptoms of depression (probably a predisposition not a reaction)

Iproniazid

first antidepressant drug, it was firstly used to treat tuberculosis then they found out it works for depression

Chlorpromazine

used for different purposes then noticed to treat schizophrenia

Tricyclics

block the transporter protein that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron

Serotonin reuptake into presynaptic neuron

serotonin transporter protein open to the outside of the neuron

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; similar to tricyclics but specific to neurotransmitter serotonin

SNRI

serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; block serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake

MAOIs

monoamine oxidase inhibitors; they block the enzyme monoamine oxidase

(MAO)

presynaptic enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine) and serotonin into inactive chemicals

People with depression have lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

important for synaptic plasticity

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

equal effects for all levels of depression; increased metabolism in the same brain areas as antidepressants; reduces relapse into depression which is more likely after antidepressants

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

electrically induced seizure used for treatment of severe depression

Dissociative identity disorder

multiple personality disorder

Schizophrenia

emotional expression unconnected with current experiences; deterioration in everyday functioning for at least 6 months, delusions (illogical beliefs), hallucinations (false sensory experience), disorganized speech (rambling / incoherent), grossly disorganized behavior, weak emotional expression, speech and socialization

Negative symptoms

behaviors that are absent that should be present f. ex

Causes of schizophrenia

Genetics, Prenatal and Neonatal Environment,Mild Brain Abnormalities

Microdeletion

deletion of a small part of a chromosome, more common among ppl with schizophrenia

prenatal influence

women with schizophrenia often abuse drugs, alcohol, eat a poor diet and have complications during pregnancy and delivery

environmental influences

higher probability for schizophrenia if a mother has the disease and the child is in a dysfunctional adopting family