PHARMACOLOGY II EXAM REVIEW

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cardiovascular, psychiatric, neurological, and antimicrobial medications based on the Pharmacology II review notes.

BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)

A diagnostic marker where increased levels indicate Heart failure.

Furosemide (Lasix)

A loop diuretic that removes sodium and water through the kidneys; used for heart failure, pulmonary edema, and hypertension.

Hypokalemia

A common side effect of Furosemide (Lasix) characterized by low potassium levels.

ACE Inhibitors

A class of medications like Lisinopril that block angiotensin II to relax blood vessels, commonly causing a dry cough and hyperkalemia.

Angioedema

A serious side effect of ACE inhibitors and ARNIs involving deep swelling, particularly around the face and airway.

Entresto (Sacubitril/Valsartan)

An ARNI medication that must never be given with ACE inhibitors; requires a 36-hour wash-out period.

Beta Blockers

Medications ending in -olol (e.g., Metoprolol) used for hypertension and heart failure; should be held if $HR < 60$ or $SBP < 90-100$.

Amiodarone

An antiarrhythmic medication that can cause pulmonary toxicity, indicated by a new dry cough or shortness of breath.

Statins

Cholesterol-lowering drugs like Atorvastatin that can lead to Rhabdomyolysis, characterized by muscle pain and weakness.

Heparin

An anticoagulant monitored by $aPTT$; its antidote is Protamine sulfate.

Warfarin (Coumadin)

An anticoagulant monitored by $INR$; its antidote is Vitamin K.

HIT (Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia)

An immune reaction to heparin characterized by decreased platelets and the formation of new clots.

Aspirin

A medication that prevents platelets from sticking together to prevent stroke, MI, and TIA.

Lithium

A mood stabilizer with a high toxicity risk; users must avoid NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics.

Benzodiazepines

Drugs like Lorazepam used for anxiety and seizures; the antidote is Flumazenil.

MAOIs (Phenelzine)

Antidepressants that require avoiding tyramine-rich foods to prevent a hypertensive crisis.

Clozapine

An atypical antipsychotic that requires monitoring WBC and ANC due to the risk of Agranulocytosis.

Metabolic Syndrome

A collection of side effects including weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia associated with atypical antipsychotics like Risperidone.

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

An antiepileptic that requires holding tube feedings 1 to 2 hours before and after administration to ensure proper absorption.

Lamotrigine

An antiepileptic drug that must be stopped immediately if a rash develops due to the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Ethosuximide

The first-line medication specifically used for treating absence seizures.

Levodopa/Carbidopa

Parkinson's medication used to treat low dopamine; clinicians must watch for the On-Off phenomenon.

Vancomycin

An antibiotic used for MRSA and serious gram-positive infections that requires peak and trough monitoring.

Gentamicin

An antibiotic with major side effects of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity; tinnitus is an early sign of the latter.

Tetracyclines

Antibiotics that should be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water, avoiding milk and antacids.

Amphotericin B

An antifungal medication known for the major side effect of nephrotoxicity.

Fluconazole

An antifungal used for Candida that can cause liver toxicity, signified by RUQ pain or jaundice.

Levothyroxine

Treatment for hypothyroidism that must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach before breakfast.

Prednisone

A steroid that can cause Cushing syndrome and osteoporosis; it must never be stopped suddenly.

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

A medication used for diabetes insipidus and von Willebrand disease that increases water reabsorption.

RIPE Therapy

A combination treatment for Tuberculosis consisting of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.

C. difficile Protocol

Requires contact precautions and hand washing specifically with soap and water.