Forebrain Dz

Most important clinical signs of forebrain dz

-Behavior change

-Contralateral blindness/dec menace

-Ipsilateral head/body turn, circling

-Contralateral limb deficits

-Seizures

Dog infectious forebrain dz

-Neospora caninum

-Toxoplasma gondi

-Rabeis

-Distemper

-Cryptococcus

-Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma

-Bartonella/coccidiodomycosis in endemic areas

Cat infectious forebrain dz

-Toxoplasma gondii

-FIV

-FeLV

-FCoV

-Cryptococcus

-Coccidioidomycosis in endemic areas

CSF collection rules

-Max volume 1mL/5kg

-Sample caudal to the lesion

CSF when NOT to collect

-don't have MRI

-inc ICP

-coagulopathy

-do not collect from cervical area if chiari-like formation, AA instability, or cervical trauma

Causes of neutrophilic pleocytosis

-GME/NE

-Bacterial meningitis/meningoencephalitis

-Fungal

-FIP

-Post myelography, hemorrhage, trauma, neoplasia

-SRMA

Causes of mononuclear pleocytosis

-GME/NE

-CNS lymphoma

-Viral (CDV)

-Bacterial meningitis/meningoencephalitis

-SRMA

Causes of mixed pleocytosis

-GME

-Infarct

-Bacterial meningitis/meningoencephalitis

-Protozoal

-Fungal

-SRMA (chronic)

Causes of eosinophilic pleocytosis

-Eosinophilic ME

-Parasitic

-Protozoal

-Fungal

Causes of hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic dz (chronic > acute), PSS

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy

The liver can't clear ammonia, so it travels to the CNS

Diagnostic tools for hepatic encephalopathy

-microcytosis

-ALT/ALP

-bile acid stim

-AUS, liver biopsy

Treatment plan for hepatic encephalopathy

-IVF, enemas to flush out ammonia

-lactulose to bind NH4+

-highly digestible protein

-antibiotics to decrease urease producing bacteria

Causes of hypernatremia

Pathogenesis of hypernatremia

Acute hypernatremia causes shrinkage of brain cells that can lead to rupture of cerebral vessels

Treatment for hypernatremia

Correct slowly over 48-72hrs, not faster than 0.5mEq/L/hr. Need to evaluate sodium levels every 4 hours!

Pathogenesis of hyponatremia

-acute>chronic will cause brain edema

-must correct slowly to prevent cell shrinkage and irreversible nerve damage

Causes of hyponatremia

Treatment of hyponatremia

slow correction 0.5-1mEq/L/hr

Hypoglycemia treatment

0.5-1ml/kg 50% dextrose diluted with saline to minimize phlebitis/hemolysis

Neoplasia prevelance

Neoplasia diagnosis

MRI, histopath (only way to definitively diagnose)

Hydrocephalus breed disposition

Maltese, yorkie, eng bulldog, chihuahua, lhasa apso, pom, toy poodle, boston, pug, pekignes

Hydrocephalus treatment

-glucocorticoids

-furosemide

-omeprazole

-acetazolamide

-SX

Neoplasia treatment/prognosis

Give palliative prednisone 0.25-0.5mg/kg BID

Canine cognitive dysfunction treatment

-add MCT to diet

-selegiline

-cognitive enrichment