Cell Biology Exam 1

What are cells made of?

Macromolecules

What drives what the cell can do?

Macromolecules

What are the four basic combinations of atoms?

Macromolecules

What are the small organic building blocks of the cell?

Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the structures of nucleotides?

Nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

Does DNA or RNA use thymine?

DNA

Does DNA or RNA use uracil?

RNA

Does adenine or guanine have three bonds?

Guanine

What is the basic structure of amino acids?

Amino group, carbon, carboxyl group

Why do proteins have so many different functions?

They have so many different structures

What do you look for to recognize a peptide bond?

C = O

What are the levels of folding to create functional proteins?

Disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions

What are lipids made up of?

Hydrophilic head and couple of hydrophobic fatty acid tails

What is the hydrophilic head of a lipid made up of?

Polar group, phosphate, glycerol

What causes variability in the lipid/phospholipid billayer?

Variability in the polar head group

What is energy?

The capacity to cause specific physical or chemical changes

Where do phototrophs get their energy from?

Light

What are the different kinds of biological work?

Synthetic, mechanical, concentration, electrical, heat production, bioluminescence

What is an example of synthetic work?

Photosynthesis

What is an example of mechanical work?

The contraction of a weight lifter’s muscles

What is an example of concentration work?

The accumulation of molecules in a cell

What is an example of electrical work?

The membrane potential of a plant cell

What is an example of heat production?

Shivering in the cold

What is an example of bioluminescence?

The courtship of fireflies

What is synthetic work?

Work of making something

What is mechanical work?

Physical movement of something

What is concentration work?

Accumulation of things

What is electrical work?

Focus on charge aspect of an ion

What is lost in the flow of energy?

Heat losses

How does energy flow?

One way; it doesn’t cycle

What membranes will be relatively stiff?

Contain mostly phospolipids with no double bonds

What does the amphipathic nature of fatty acid-containing phospholipids do?

Drives the formation of a bilayer which serves to isolate water and hydrophilic molecules on either side

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Energy storage, structural stability, binding sites for proteins

What does a positive change in entropy favor?

The progress of a reaction from reactants to products

What process involves an increase in entropy of the system?

Combustion of paper

What is the storage of glucose molecules by linking them together in the form of glycogen an example of?

Synthetic work

What is entropy?

The measure of disorder or inability to do work in a system

What is enthalpy?

The measure of total heat content in a system

What is activation energy?

The minimum amount of energy reactants must contain before collisions between them will be successful in giving rise to products

What does a catalyst do?

Lowers energy required for activation

What is the active site?

The location on an ezyme where substrates bind and the catalysis occurs

What is a reversible inhibitor?

Inhibitors that binds in a noncovalent matter, has free and bound forms

What is an irreversible inhibitor?

Inhibitor that binds covalently to the enzyme and is usually toxic to cell

What is substrate-level regulation?

Controlling the concentration of substrate available to the enzyme

What is allosteric regulation?

Molecule other than substrate or immediate product regulates the enzyme

What is covalent modification?

Addition or removal of a functional group/amino acid sequence to an enzyme that affects its conformation and ability to bind substrate

What does covalent modification of phosphate groups do?

Regulates enzyme activity

What do kinases do?

Add phosphate groups

What do phosphotases do?

Dephosphorolate