Introduction to Physics: The Nature of Science and Physics

These flashcards cover introductory vocabulary for Physics including the nature of science, SI units, and measurement precision based on Chapter 1 of the lecture notes.

Physics

the science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; it is especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon

Model

representation of something that is often too difficult (or impossible) to display directly

Theory

an explanation for patterns in nature that is supported by scientific evidence and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers

Law

a description, using concise language or a mathematical formula, a generalized pattern in nature that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments

Scientific method

a method that typically begins with an observation and question that the scientist will research; next, the scientist typically performs some research about the topic and then devises a hypothesis; then, the scientist will test the hypothesis by performing an experiment; finally, the scientist analyzes the results of the experiment and draws a conclusion

Classical physics

physics that was developed from the Renaissance to the end of the 19th century

Modern physics

the study of relativity, quantum mechanics, or both

Relativity

the study of objects moving at speeds greater than about $1\%$ of the speed of light, or of objects being affected by a strong gravitational field

Quantum mechanics

the study of objects smaller than can be seen with a microscope

Physical quantity

a characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements

Units

a standard used for expressing and comparing measurements

SI units

the international system of units that scientists in most countries have agreed to use; includes units such as meters, liters, and grams

English units (Imperial system)

system of measurement used in the United States; includes units of measurement such as feet, gallons, and pounds

Derived units

units that can be calculated using algebraic combinations of the fundamental units

Fundamental units

units that can only be expressed relative to the procedure used to measure them

Second

the SI unit for time, abbreviated (s)

Meter

the SI unit for length, abbreviated (m)

Kilogram

the SI unit for mass, abbreviated (kg)

Metric system

a system in which values can be calculated in factors of $10$

Order of magnitude

refers to the size of a quantity as it relates to a power of $10$

Conversion factor

a ratio expressing how many of one unit are equal to another unit

Accuracy

the degree to which a measured value agrees with correct value for that measurement

Precision

the degree to which repeated measurements agree with each other

Uncertainty

a quantitative measure of how much your measured values deviate from a standard or expected value

Percent uncertainty

the ratio of the uncertainty of a measurement to the measured value, expressed as a percentage

Method of adding percents

the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation

Significant figures

Express the precision of a measuring tool used to measure a value