corrections midterm chp. 7

Which statement best describes the purpose of prison classification?

a. to ensure an inmate has access to any needed medical care

b. to balance security needs with an inmate's treatment needs

c. to determine the placement most likely to succeed in rehabilitating an inmate

d. to place an inmate in a facility that will prevent escape

b. to balance security needs with an inmate's treatment needs

Which statement about prison classification systems is true?

a. Behavior-based classification systems are the most effective.

b. Classification systems must be adapted to the specific prison population.

c. Classification systems for females are not effective with male prisoners.

d. Behavior-based systems have been proven to be more valid that personality-based systems.

b. Classification systems must be adapted to the specific prison population.

How does external classification help control costs?

a. by assigning only prisoners who are likely to benefit to vocational programs

b. by placing compatible prisoners in the same unit to reduce tension

c. by ensuring prisoners have access to preventive medical care

d. by confining prisoners at the lowest level of security necessary for control

d. by confining prisoners at the lowest level of security necessary for control

Under which model of prison culture would corrections officers attempt to influence prison culture by creating more pleasant living conditions?

a. administrative-control model

b. situational model

c. importation model

d. deprivation model

b. situational model

Which statement best describes the influence of gangs in prisons?

a. Rivalries among gangs prevent any one leader from having much power.

b. Gang activity has been increasing since the early 2000s.

c. Gang violence has decreased as authorities defuse racial tensions.

d. In the early 2000s, authorities broke gangs' control over prisons.

b. Gang activity has been increasing since the early 2000s.

According to Trulson and Marquart, what is the most effective way to defuse racial violence in prison?

a. using high-tech surveillance to detect violence before it escalates

b. desegregating prisons by housing inmates randomly

c. imposing swift and sure punishment for any attempt to retaliate after a racial incident

d. separating members of black and Hispanic gangs

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b. desegregating prisons by housing inmates randomly

Which definition of contraband is the most accurate?

a. illegal drugs

b. items that could assist in an escape

c. weapons

d. any unauthorized substance or material possessed by inmates

d. any unauthorized substance or material possessed by inmates

Fleisher's study of sexual violence in prison found that most sex was used to win favors or privileges and was often __________.

a. conjugal

b. forced by a guard or correctional official

c. consensual

d. forced by another inmate

c. consensual

According to the authors, what is the most effective way to prevent prison rape?

a. increasing video surveillance

b. encouraging victims of assault to testify

c. improving reporting under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003

d. isolating vulnerable inmates from potential abuses

d. isolating vulnerable inmates from potential abuses

Which incident is an example of a nonviolent inmate disturbance?

a. assaulting officers

b. taking control of an area of the prison

c. destroying institutional property

d. holding a voluntary lockdown

d. holding a voluntary lockdown

Which theory of collective violence links violent outbreaks directly to physical conditions in the prison?

a. basic survival

b. administrative-control theory

c. inmate-balance theory

d. overcrowding

d. overcrowding

What change in sentencing has led to the recent increase in the number of women in prison?

a. A woman with dependents is now as likely to receive a jail sentence as a community-based sentence.

b. A woman who commits a serious crime now typically receives the same sentence as a man.

c. Mandatory minimum laws often subject nonviolent women offenders to the same sentences as principals in the drug trade.

d. Women no longer have the advantage in working out a plea agreement.

c. Mandatory minimum laws often subject nonviolent women offenders to the same sentences as principals in the drug trade.

What is the authors' opinion on gender-neutral sentencing?

a. They are fair because women are committing more serious crimes.

b. They correct a tradition of judicial favoritism toward women.

c. They benefit males, but females often receive harsher sentences.

d. They have been adjusted to account for circumstances that mitigate women's involvement in drug crimes.

c. They benefit males, but females often receive harsher sentences.

What common feature of women's adaptation to life in prison was revealed by the classic study conducted by Giallombardo?

a. Women form fictive family groupings with inmates who are not related to them.

b. Women turn their anger and anxiety inward.

c. Women assume the role of either butch or femme.

d. Women segregate themselves into groups based on racial identity.

a. Women form fictive family groupings with inmates who are not related to them.

How do the findings of contemporary studies of women's experience of prison compare to the classic studies?

a. Women now are more suspicious of other inmates.

b. Women are becoming more like men in seeking ways to compensate for the deprivations of prison life.

c. Recent studies replicate the findings of the classic studies.

d. An increasing number of women are adopting the isolate style of serving time.

a. Women now are more suspicious of other inmates.

Over the past 40 years, what is one major change in the culture of women's prisons according to Kruttschnitt and Gartner?

a. Race has become less critical to prison culture.

b. Administrators now focus more on control than rehabilitation.

c. Gangs are no longer a serious issue.

d. Women have learned to "lean in" rather than "stay out of the mix."

b. Administrators now focus more on control than rehabilitation.

Barbara Owens found that a woman inmate's style of doing time was influenced both by their stage in their criminal and prison career as well as their commitment to their __________.

a. criminal identity

b. life partner

c. racial identity

d. young children

a. criminal identity

Which statement could NOT be used to support the argument that gender-specific programs should be available for women prisoners?

a. Evidence shows gender-specific rehabilitation programs for women have higher success rates than programs for men.

b. Women experience imprisonment as a whole differently than men.

c. More than half of all incarcerated women are mothers.

d. Several court decisions found that vocational programs available to women prisoners were not equal to those available to males.

b. Women experience imprisonment as a whole differently than men.

Besides stronger mother-child bonding, what benefit has been gained from the Bedford Hills nursery program?

a. flexible visiting hours for children

b. lower recidivism rates

c. fewer violent incidents

d. improved postnatal healthcare

b. lower recidivism rates

Compared to men, women in prison have rates of illness that are __________.

a. much lower

b. higher

c. equal

d. lower

b. higher

Because of their histories, for which type of care do women prisoners typically have a higher need than men?

a. mental health

b. late-stage cancer

c. arthritis

d. stroke prevention

a. mental health

Which statement about healthcare issues in women's prisons is false?

a. In violation of international standards, many prisons/jails charge inmates for medical attention.

b. As the number of prisoners with histories of drug abuse grows, the number of treatment programs available has increased.

c. Only half of the state prison systems surveyed offer female-specific services such as mammograms and Pap smears, which often entail a long wait to be seen.

d. A shortage of qualified staff often leads to disrupted and poor-quality treatment, causing physical deterioration of prisoners with chronic and degenerative diseases.

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b. As the number of prisoners with histories of drug abuse grows, the number of treatment programs available has increased.

Which of the items below is NOT a sign that the role of a correctional officer is becoming more professional?

a. greater education requirements

b. higher pay

c. union memberships

d. paramilitary structure

d. paramilitary structure

According to the authors, what is the greatest problem correctional officers face?

a. working in an atmosphere charged with racial tension

b. the shift away from the old inmate code

c. alienation and isolation from inmates

d. their dual role: maintaining order and encouraging rehabilitation

d. their dual role: maintaining order and encouraging rehabilitation

What is the most important reason female correctional officers are now able to work in men's prisons?

a. Fears that male inmates would take advantage of female guards proved to be unfounded.

b. Officials have found ways to protect prisoners' privacy that are inexpensive to install.

c. Women are adept at striking a balance between enforcing the rules and allowing inmates to gain control.

d. Federal law prohibits sex discrimination in hiring by state and local government.

d. Federal law prohibits sex discrimination in hiring by state and local government.