Neuro Psy. chapter 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26.... quizes

Chapter 13: 15/15

This visual area predominantly processes color information.

 

V3

 

V4

 

V5

 

V1

V4

The condition in which there is an inability to use visual information to guide voluntary movement is called:

 

ideational apraxia.

 

optic alexia.

 

vestibular ataxia.

 

optic ataxia.

optic ataxia.

Aphantasia is marked by the inability to _____.

 

perceive color in motion

 

perceive motion and sounds

 

generate mental images

 

observe one's own facial features

generate mental images

There are specialized regions of the visual cortex for processing all of these stimuli EXCEPT:

 

motion.

 

emotion.

 

color.

 

form.

emotion

Visual perception of color, form, and movement is a wonderful example of the ______ of cortical neurons located in the occipital lobe. 

 

none of the answers are correct

 

dendritic branching

 

adaptability

 

specialization

specialization

A patient who reports that moving objects suddenly freeze in one location, only to suddenly reappear at another location, is likely to have a lesion in the area of:

 

V4.

 

V2.

 

V5.

 

V1.

V5.

Associative agnosia is characterized by the ability to:

 

recognize objects in motion but not objects at rest.

 

describe the physical characteristics of an object but not its identity.

 

describe the shape of an object but not its color.

 

describe the identity of an object but not its physical characteristics.

describe the physical characteristics of an object but not its identity.

Prosopagnosia is the inability to _____.

 

recall autobiographical memories

 

sense one's limbs when in motion

 

recognize familiar faces, even one’s own in a mirror

 

draw symbols and shapes

recognize familiar faces, even one’s own in a mirror

A patient who reports no conscious awareness of a visual stimulus, and yet can accurately report its location, is likely exhibiting:

 

blindsight.

 

macular sparing.

 

apperceptive agnosia.

 

anosognosia.

blindsight

Having this condition is also correlated with the condition of synaesthesia. 

 

Alexia

 

Prosopagnosia

 

Hyperphantasia

 

Aphantasia

Hyperphantasia

Which brain region is primarily dedicated to visual processing?

 

temporal lobes

 

occipital lobes

 

frontal lobes

 

parietal lobes

occipital lobes

As Dr. Link mentioned in his lecture, psychosomatic blindness or "blindsight" can occur in the following disorder, _______, even though there has been no damage to the occipital lobe. 

 

bipolar disorder

 

panic disorder

 

schizophrenia

 

conversion disorder

conversion disorder

The role of the dorsal stream is:

 

the visual recognition of objects.

 

the recognition of a species' typical behaviors.

 

color perception.

 

the visual guidance of movement.

the visual guidance of movement.

Visual object recognition is MOST specifically a function of processing in the _____ stream.

 

dorsal

 

middle

 

ventral

 

lateral

ventral

A person suffering from prosopagnosia would have difficulty _____ of his mother.

 

recognizing a portrait

 

recognizing the voice

 

remembering the name

 

recognizing a portrait, the voice, and the name

recognizing a portrait

chapter 14 12/12

A person suffering from anosognosia:

 

cannot localize or name body parts.

 

cannot perceive objects moving through space.

 

cannot do mental arithmetic.

 

may deny even obvious signs of illness.

may deny even obvious signs of illness.

The parietal reach region (PRR) is involved in:

 

object-directed grasping motions.

 

control of saccadic eye movements.

 

tactile guidance of grasping movements.

 

visual guidance of grasping motions.

visual guidance of grasping motions.

A patient who is only able to pay attention to one object at a time and misreaches for things nearby is MOST likely suffering from:

 

Bálint syndrome.

 

allesthesia.

 

amorphosynthesis.

 

Gerstmann syndrome.

Bálint syndrome.

According to Posner, an important contribution of the parietal lobes to attentional processes is disengagement, which is the ability to:

 

avoid paying attention to environmental stimuli.

 

shift attention from one stimulus to another.

 

focus attention on a specific stimulus.

 

end long-term relationships.

shift attention from one stimulus to another.

If you were to ask a patient to copy specific motoric behaviors such as brushing your teeth, you are most likely trying to make a diagnosis of _____ apraxia.

 

ipsilateral

 

contralateral

 

ideomotor

 

constructional

ideomotor

The Default Network in the parietal lobe may be a significant influence in the etiology of what disorder?

 

Anxiety

 

OCD

 

ADHD

 

Bipolar

 

ADHD

Mainly because math can be interpreted as having a spatial component, some patients with parietal-lobe dysfunction are unable to perform calculations, a condition known as _____. 

 

math disorder

 

acalculia

 

dyslexia

 

intellectual disability

acalculia

Which of these is a behavioral phenomenon BEST associated with parietal lobe damage?

 

achromatopsia

 

anosmia

 

prosopagnosia

 

asomatognosia

asomatognosia

The parietal lobe processes and integrates sensory information, especially sensory information that produces actions. 

 

True

 

False

True

The primary motor cortex is in the _____ lobe while the somatosensory cortex is in the _____lobe.  

 

temporal, frontal

 

frontal, parietal

 

parietal, frontal

 

occipital, frontal

frontal, parietal

A patient who can neither identify her fingers nor complete arithmetic problems is MOST likely to be diagnosed with:

 

the Gerstmann syndrome.

 

allesthesia.

 

Bálint syndrome.

 

Kluver–Bucy syndrome.

the Gerstmann syndrome.

The Default Network is theorized to be active during the intentional focus needed for task completion. 

 

True

 

False

False

chapter 15 11/12 :(

Analyses of the Thatcher illusion suggest that when recognizing faces, we pay particular attention to the:

 

upright configuration of the eyes and nose.

 

chin and hairline.

 

inverted configuration of the eyes and mouth.

 

upright configuration of the eyes and mouth.

upright configuration of the eyes and mouth.

Which of these is NOT thought to be a function of the temporal lobes?

 

processing of auditory input

 

control of visual tracking

 

visual object recognition

 

long-term memory formation

control of visual tracking

Research has shown there are two pathways for facial processing. How do those two pathways potentially work in conjunction for facial perception?

 

The ventral face system identifies and processes unchanging features (gender, general facial form), while the dorsal face system identifies and processes changeable features (expression, gaze, movement).

 

The ventral face system is connected to form, while the dorsal face system is related to gender.

 

The ventral face system is related to facial expression and emotion, while the dorsal face system is related to shape and form of the face.

 

The ventral face system is related to memory of faces, while the dorsal face system is related to perception of the shape of eyes and mouths.

The ventral face system identifies and processes unchanging features (gender, general facial form), while the dorsal face system identifies and processes changeable features (expression, gaze, movement).

The name of the divide separating the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe is the _____. 

 

Lateral fissure

 

Lateral gyrus

 

Corpus collosum

 

Cingulate cotex

Lateral fissure

According to the video we watched on face blindness, the main problem for people suffering from this disorder is _____.

 

the lack of encoding a memory of the other person's face.

 

only forgetting a face after several months

 

not perceiving facial features in a correct manner.

 

Seeing people's faces upside down.

the lack of encoding a memory of the other person's face.

Researchers examining patients with temporal-lobe damage have observed a reduction in understanding of social movements, social cues, and biological motion. What is likely to be the location of the damage and the potential impact of said injury?

 

hippocampus and deficit in creation of social memories

 

superior temporal sulcus (STS) and deficit in social awareness

 

amygdala and inability to tie emotion to social events

 

inferotemporal cortex (TE) and inability to connect visual and social information

superior temporal sulcus (STS) and deficit in social awareness

Facial analysis in the temporal lobe is unlike any other visual stimuli.

 

True

 

False

True

The temporal lobe structure essential for associating sensory information and affective (emotional) state is:

 

the insula.

 

the amygdala.

 

the inferior temporal gyrus.

 

Heschl's gyrus.

the amygdala.

The three main tasks of the temporal lobe are all of the following except _____.

 

movement

 

hearing

 

memory & emotion

 

object indentification

movement

Which of these is an example of temporal lobe cross-modal matching?

 

perceiving both the form and color of an object simultaneously

 

using the left hemisphere and right hemisphere simultaneously to perceive a voice

 

making an association between the vocal characteristics and the face of a well-known pop singer

 

distinguishing among melodies played in the Lydian, Aeolian, and Locrian scales

making an association between the vocal characteristics and the face of a well-known pop singer

Various investigators have found that neurons in the monkey STS are particularly sensitive to:

 

movements of inanimate environmental stimuli.

 

movements of other monkeys.

 

distinguishing ripe from unripe fruit.

 

movements involving facial expressions.

 

IDK NOT movements involving facial expressions. BUT ….

Damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe would likely result in difficulties

 

of speech comprehension

 

of speech production

 

in speech tone

 

in speech volume

of speech comprehension

chapter 16 15/15

Which of the following diagnoses is not specifically associated with deficits in frontal lobe functioning?

 

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

 

Antisocial PD

 

ADHD

 

Autonoetic Disorder

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

The Executive Function Network is theorized to be comprised largely in the _____ 

 

orbitofrontal cortex

 

premotor cortex

 

ventromedial cortex

 

dorsolateral cortex

dorsolateral cortex

Research suggests that environmental stimuli activate the _____ network when stimuli are important to the individual and require a behavioral response.

 

spatial

 

recognition

 

salience

 

default mode

salience

The Salience Network it theorized to be comprised largely of the _____ and the _____. 

 

posterior cingulate cortex; medial frontal cortex

 

anterior cingulate cortex; orbitofrontal cortex

 

anterior cingulate cortex; ventromedial cortex

 

posterior cingulate cortex; dorsolateral cortex

anterior cingulate cortex; orbitofrontal cortex

Mary performed very well on the intelligence test when it came to assessment of her verbal knowledge, fund of information, and memory of facts. You could say that she has a very high level of _____ intelligence.

 

crystallized

 

fluid

 

artificial

 

divergent

crystallized

Which activity BEST exemplifies temporal (short-term) memory?

 

All of these activities best exemplify temporal memory.

 

recognizing your best friend from high school after having been away at college for a year

 

riding a bicycle for the first time since last summer

 

recalling which of your assignments you most recently worked on

recalling which of your assignments you most recently worked on

Perseveration is often seen when there has been damage to the frontal lobe. This would mean a person tends to _____ in their speech, thoughts, or writing. 

 

get lazy

 

get stuck and hyperfocus

 

become distracted

 

get frustrated

get stuck and hyperfocus

The Digit Span exercise is a way in which to assess for impairment in _____.

 

working memory

 

episodic memory

 

spatial memory

 

repressed memory

working memory

The Default Network is theorized to be comprised of the _____ and the _____.

 

posterior cingulate cortex; medial frontal cortex

 

anterior cingulate cortex; medial frontal cortex

 

anterior cingulate cortex; dorsolateral cortex

 

posterior cingulate cortex; orbitofrontal cortex

 

posterior cingulate cortex; medial frontal cortex

Research has discovered that in people with ADHD, this network may be hyperactive.

 

salience network

 

ventral stream network

 

default mode network

 

stimulus network

default mode network

The _____ is divided up into the anterior, and posterior portions, and has been implicated in the diagnoses of ADHD and Antisocial PD.

 

hippocampus

 

cingulate cortex

 

amygdala

 

basal ganglia

cingulate cortex

There are significant differences in the nature of cognitive deficits exhibited between patients with frontal lesions versus those with posterior damage, such that those with frontal damage have difficulty with all of these EXCEPT:

 

rule following.

 

convergent thinking.

 

divergent thinking.

 

verbal output.

convergent thinking.

A woman comes to your office to discuss a family member she hopes you will be able to evaluate. Her uncle recently sustained a traumatic brain injury, and she has noticed significant changes in his behavior that have become concerning. Whereas he was always very outgoing, chatting up friends and strangers alike, now he barely engages in conversation. He was very aware of how his clothing represented how others would view him. But currently, he seems apathetic in all areas of his appearance; some days, he can't even summon the energy to take a shower. Based on the woman's depiction, what might you suspect is going on with this patient?

 

pseudodepression

 

dysthymia

 

unilateral depression

 

manic depression

pseudodepression

The tendency of patients with frontal lesions to engage in inappropriate behaviors may be attributed to difficulties in guiding behavior using:

 

visual perception.

 

working memory.

 

social context.

 

somatosensory maps.

 

social context.

A subject who, after sustaining a closed-head injury, has difficulty remembering significant personal details and feeling emotional connections to formerly close friends is likely suffering from a problem with:

 

subjective awareness.

 

implicit memory.

 

autonoetic awareness.

 

impulse control.

autonoetic awareness.

chapter 20, 10/10 and 1 essay question

The ___ and the ___ are theorized to be the main characters of the Empathy Network in the brain. 

 

insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

 

orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala

 

temporal cortex, parietal lobe

 

insula, cingulate cortex

insula, cingulate cortex

The observation that people with spinal injuries report reduced experiences of emotion has been taken to support the:

 

somatic marker hypothesis.

 

Cannon–Bard theory.

 

left-hemisphere interpreter theory.

 

cognitive–emotional interaction theory.

somatic marker hypothesis.

Attaching affective (emotional) qualities to experiences and memories is the role of the:

 

dopamine system.

 

basal ganglia.

 

limbic system.

 

prefrontal cortex.

limbic system.

St. Thomas Aquinas could be considered a medieval neuroscientist because he taught that there are two types of emotional responses. Those based on innate pathways (physiological triggers), and those based on higher cognitive powers (appraisals)

 

True

 

False

True

The psychological construct that describes our conscious, subjective feelings about a situation is:

 

effect.

 

mood.

 

affect.

 

cognition.

affect

The _____ can be considered the homeostasis control of the body. 

 

olfactory bulb

 

hypothalamus

 

cingulate cortex

 

basal ganglia

hypothalamus

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that you are not trembling because you are frightened. Instead, you feel frightened because you are trembling.

 

True

 

False

True

The Klüver–Bucy syndrome appears only following bilateral damage to the:

 

inferior temporal cortex, excluding the amygdala.

 

medial temporal lobes.

 

inferior temporal cortex, including the amygdala.

 

hypothalamus, including the rage-suppression centers.

 

inferior temporal cortex, including the amygdala.

The _____ lobe is theorized to play a significant role in being able to perceive the internal state of others, known as the _____ network. 

 

occipital, empathy

 

parietal, mentalizing

 

temporal, mentalizing

 

frontal, empathy

temporal, mentalizing

The frontoparietal mirror neuron network has been suggested to play an important role in the:

 

synchronization, or mirroring, of neural activity between the left and right hemispheres.

 

ability to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects.

 

tendency to see faces in nonliving objects such as cloud formations.

 

ability to understand the intentions of others in terms of one's own sense of self.

ability to understand the intentions of others in terms of one's own sense of self.

Describe the four factors of emotions (and provide an example of each) that should be included in any neuroscientific discussion of emotions.

The four factors that should be included in any neuroscientific discussion of emotions, and any theory should include:

1. Psychophysiology- these are the automatic bodily responses that may explain a relationship between emotion. An example of this would be changes in blood pressure, heart rate, skin conductance or sweat, hormone levels etc. A specific example could be if you feel anxiety from a test or being called on randomly in class, your heart rate increases, there can be increase in specific stress hormones and you may sweat more.

2. Motor behavior: these are observable changing physical characteristics in a person that changes with emotion. An example could be your face flushing with embarrassment or fear, smiling and laughing, frowning, in general facial expressions. Others include changes in tone of voice that can indicate a response of aggression vs happiness or other various emotions. Another could be posture, for example, crossing your arms vs an open and welcoming stance.

3. self report: This is the subjective individuals understanding of their emotions. It is how the individual interprets their own emotions. An example could be if an individual identifies feelings of love or hate for someone.

4. Unconscious behavior: This comes from the idea from Von Helmholtz, where we are not fully aware of the cognitive processes that influence our emotions or behavioral responses. An example could be our intuition of a person. If we have a "hunch" that someone may be out to get us. This "hunch" may simple be caused by schemas or some kind of bias we are not fully aware we have.

chapter 24: 9/10 and 1 essay q.

The male-to-female ratio in autism is about:

 

2 to 1.

 

3 to 1.

 

4 to 1.

 

6 to 1.

4 to 1.

In order to receive a diagnosis of an Intellectual Disability, an individual has to have both an intellectual test conducted, as well as assessment of their adaptive capacities. 

 

True

 

False

True

Girls have higher rates of intellectual disabilities, autism, and ADHD.

 

True

 

False

False

The network theorized to play a major role in the workings of ADHD is _____.

 

Executive

 

MSNBC

 

Default

 

Salience (Task Positive)

Default

Researchers theorize that _____ neurons have a role to play in the social impairments shown in both ASD and Schizophrenia. 

 

Cerebellar

 

Golgi

 

Von Economo

 

Dopaminergic

Von Economo

Although controversial, the stimulant Ritalin is widely used in the treatment of:

 

dyslexia.

 

autism.

 

cerebral palsy.

 

hyperactivity.

hyperactivity

Many more boys than girls are diagnosed as having:

 

anxiety

 

ADHD.

 

obsessive compulsive disorder

 

depression

ADHD

According to Dr. Link, ADHD in the past has been both _____ and _____. 

 

underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed

 

misdiagnosed, overdiagnosed

 

misunderstood, underdiagnosed

 

none of the answers are correct

NOT underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed BUT I THINK MAYBEE misunderstood, underdiagnosed??????

Impairments seen in children with autism in learning various motor skills and conditioned responses may be related MOST closely to abnormalities in the _____ of these individuals.

 

cerebellum

 

hippocampus

 

frontal lobe

 

temporal cortex

cerebellum

Von Economo neurons are found abundantly in the posterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. 

 

True

 

False

False

According to Dr. Link's lecture, list some of the reasons why it is critically important to have a thorough and comprehensive evaluation when it comes to the diagnosis and follow-up treatment of ADHD. 

There are several reasons why the evaluation should be comprehensive. For example, several disorders may look like ADHD. Its important to rule out these as they can look very similar. For example, It may just look like a child has depression or anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, trauma or PTSD, bipolar disorder in a manic episode. Another reason is that some of the medications used for ADHD should not be prescribed lightly. For example, controlled substances, stimulants, such as Adderall are often times abused or used not properly. Another reason is to asses the accurate severity of the neurodevelopmental disorder. The severity can help determine if an IEP is needed for the child to ensure the most success for the child.  

chapter 25 9/10 and an essay q.

Brain damage is often permanent, but plasticity of the brain enables compensation for the injury. 

 

 

True

 

False

True

Based on the predictions from the work of Jacobs and colleagues, which occupation would you NOT expect to correlate with an increase in the size of the associated brain region?

 

typist – finger representation

 

tap dancer – foot representation

 

singer – language representation

 

clarinet player – musical scale representation

idk NOT clarinet player – musical scale representation maybee singer – language representation?????

_____ reflects brain changes that are necessary to modify neuronal ensembles that are already present.

 

Experience-expectant plasticity

 

Kindling

 

Experience-dependent plasticity

 

Long-term potentiation

Experience-dependent plasticity

Considering the variables impacting recovery, which patient would likely have a higher chance of recovery?

 

a 20-year-old female stroke victim with an IQ of 125

 

a left-handed 40-year-old male stroke victim with a brain lesion

 

an 80-year-old stroke victim with an IQ of 80

 

a right-handed 55-year-old with multiple concussions and a brain lesion

a 20-year-old female stroke victim with an IQ of 125

Research suggests that for rehabilitation of patients with brain damage, practice in the use of the affected body parts should be:

 

avoided, with emphasis on using nonaffected limbs.

 

supervised by trained professionals.

 

gentle and in small amounts.

 

extensive.

extensive

Plasticity can also have maladaptive effects and compensate in negative ways.

 

True

 

False

True

he variable that does NOT influence recovery from brain damage is:

 

attitude.

 

intelligence.

 

handedness.

 

stress.

stress.

What you do, what you learn, what you think, what you watch, and what you listen to greatly impacts your brain's plasticity.

 

True

 

False

True

Teuber's study on the long-term improvement of soldiers with brain wounds from the Korean War suggests that recovery is greatest in those soldiers who were _____ at the time of injury.

 

better educated

 

youngest

 

oldest

 

more motivated to recover

youngest

Plasticity is only found among animal species that have a highly developed prefrontal cortex. 

 

True

 

False

False

Choose two (2) of the principles of neuroplasticity discussed in class. Explain the principle, give an example, and describe how it might relate to the work of neuropsychology or clinical psychology. 

6th principle: neuroplasticity is age dependent (NOT exclusive)

This means that although the younger you are the easier time you have learning something, it does not mean that the older you are you stop learning or your no longer capable of having brain neuroplasticity. The brain never stops changing due to learning. For example, learning a new language is easier when younger, but that does not mean you cannot learn a new language when older. Another example is a backwards steering bike. A child can pick that skill up in a few weeks, whereas an adult picks in up in a span of several months. Something interesting to note is that there are critical periods for children, where if they miss the critical period to learn, neuroplasticity can help them catch up with extensive effort. Further, if brain damage occurs during the critical period, it can be really difficult for the child to catch up.

10th principle: neuroplasticity can be maladaptive. 

In general, neuroplasticity does not have a moral sense. The way you think and behave will have a change on your brain via neuroplasticity no matter if its a negative or positive change. For example if you constantly have negative thoughts and ruminate on how much you do not enjoy life, those neurons will still wire together, creating a mental "rut". This "rut" will cause you to more easily think in a negative way. A persons brain looks very different if they ruminate and have depressive thoughts compared to if they practice gratitude. Another example is the use of substances. Although its a negative thing, your brain on drugs will still adapt and change because of neuroplasticity. It will begin to want more of the drug, and the baseline affect will begin to raise due to neuroplasticity. Luckily, if neuroplasticity has occurred in a not so beneficial way (ex- depressive thoughts), the great thing is that your brain can be rewired via neuroplasticity to a more positive and beneficial alternative (for example, gratitude based thinking).

ch. 26 15/15

Cerebral vascular accident is another term for:

 

stroke.

 

ischemia.

 

cerebral hemorrhage.

 

aneurysm.

stroke.

The leading cause of Neurocognitive Disorders would be secondary to what underlying diagnosis?

 

Parkinson's

 

Alzheimer's

 

Migraines

 

TBI

Alzheimer's

The incidence of traumatic brain injury is highest among:

 

older females.

 

younger females.

 

older males.

 

younger males.

younger males.

An _____ stroke occurs when a blood vessel is blocked, preventing enough blood from reaching the brain. A _____ stroke occurs when a blood vessel fails, resulting in bleeding into the brain.

 

migraine, ischemic

 

hemorrhagic, ischemic

 

ischemic, hemorrhagic

 

ischemic, migraine

ischemic, hemorrhagic

An _____ occurs when a vessel wall balloons out and weakens the structure of the vessel. This can be analogous to the bulge in a bicycle tire. 

 

carotid clot

 

blood clot

 

aneurysm

 

embolism

aneurysm