Functions and Organization of the Nervous System

These flashcards cover important vocabulary related to the functions and organization of the nervous system, including definitions of key terms and concepts discussed in the lecture.

Nervous System

The system that controls physiological parameters, thought, memory, emotions, and maintains homeostasis.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and integrating information.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of all the nerves that carry impulses between the CNS and the body's receptors and effectors.

Afferent Nerves

Nerve fibers carrying impulses towards the central nervous system, mainly sensory information.

Efferent Nerves

Nerve fibers carrying impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors, primarily motor commands.

Glial Cells

Support cells of the nervous system that protect neurons and maintain homeostasis.

Astrocytes

Glial cells in the CNS that help maintain the blood-brain barrier and support cell migration.

Microglia

Phagocytic cells in the CNS that act as the first line of defense against pathogens.

Oligodendrocytes

CNS glial cells that produce myelin, which insulates axons and aids in faster signal transmission.

Schwann Cells

PNS cells that produce myelin for peripheral nerves.

Action Potential

A rapid rise and fall in voltage across a nerve cell membrane, significant for transmitting signals.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are exchanged.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

Depolarization

A shift in membrane potential that makes the inside of a neuron more positive, leading to an action potential.

Hyperpolarization

An increase in membrane potential that makes the inside of a neuron more negative, inhibiting action potentials.

Somatic Nervous System

The part of the PNS associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the PNS that regulates involuntary body functions, such as heart rate and digestion.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

Neuron

A nerve cell that generates and conducts electrical impulses.

Dendrites

Branch-like structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

Axon

The long projection of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.