Unit 1 Flashcards

Dr. Ortiz and Dr. Chang are colleagues in a psychology department, and they go out for lunch. Dr. Ortiz talks about her work at the autism clinic, where she uses what she knows about associative learning to help children. Dr. Chang talks about his work on the theoretical function of specific cells in the hippocampus of the brain. Dr. Ortiz takes a(n) __________ approach and Dr. Chang takes a(n) __________ approach to their respective interests.

applied, basic

A psychopharmacologist is most interested in how __________ affect the brain and behavior.

drugs

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately how many people have some form of mental illness?

1 in 5

Which of the following was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic?

an increase in the rates of depression of people in the United States from 8.7% to about 14.4%

a decrease in the rates of anxiety of people in the United States from 35% to 25%

an increase in the rate of schizophrenia of people in the United States from 1% to 3%

an increase in the rate of autism in children in the United States from 1.6% to 2.7%

a decrease in the number of people overdosing on opioids from 1.1% to .053%

an increase in the rates of depression of people in the United States from 8.7% to about 14.4%

Which of the following was given as a misunderstanding about neuroscience and the brain? In other words, what do some people think is true, but is not?

Brain scans like MRIs can be used to detect if someone is a criminal.

People with schizophrenia are often violent.

Soldiers diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not tough enough to be soldiers.

People with substance use disorder (drug addiction) have low morals and lack willpower.

All of the above are misunderstandings discussed in the textbook.

All of the above are misunderstandings discussed in the textbook

The effect that a pill can have on altering mood, perception of pain, or symptoms, despite the pill containing no chemicals or medication, is known as the __________ . This is often the cause of the perceived changes from taking homeopathic pills.

placebo effect

The nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and ribosomes are all types of

organelles

What is the energy packet used for cellular operations created by the processes of cellular respiration?

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Typically, one axon leaves the neuron and branches into axon collaterals, which then branch again into __________ toward the end of the axon, and then finally end in __________

terminal branches, terminal boutons

You accidentally step on a tack, causing your foot to shoot up before you even realize what you have done. This is because of a reflex arc that is made up of __________ (afferent) neurons that bring information from your foot to the spinal cord and __________ (efferent) neurons that send information to muscle.

motor, sensory

aplexic, eplexic

tensor, reflector

pain, muscle

None of the above are correct.

None of the above are correct

Jean was in an automobile accident and received damage to an area of the cerebral cortex. Since their accident, they had difficulty with visual processing. Which area of the brain was likely damaged?

occipital lobe

Which is the best description of the function of microglia?

They bring nutrients from the vascular system to neurons in the CNS.

They create myelin for neurons in the CNS.

They act as the immune system for the CNS, fighting off diseases, and they remove damaged neurons.

They create myelin for neurons in the PNS.

They create neurotransmitters to be used by neurons in the PNS.

They act as the immune system for the CNS, fighting off diseases, and they remove damaged neurons

When standing straight up, the top of your brain (the highest point) is referred to as

dorsal

A brain slice down the longitudinal fissure from the anterior to the posterior of the brain would produce a __________ cut.

sagittal

The motor cortex in the right hemisphere affects muscle activity on the left side of the brain. In other words, the nerve tracts from the motor cortex cross over to the other side of the body. This is known as __________ influence.

contralateral

which of the following is not one of the twelve cranial nerves

optic

trigeminal

orthogonal

vagus

All of the above are cranial nerves.

Orthogonal

Which of the following cranial nerves relays information about hearing and balance?

facial nerve (VII)

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

accessory nerve (XI)

trochlear (IV)

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VII)

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the __________ root.

dorsal

The spinal cord is part of which division of the nervous system?

central

The meningeal layer that is thin and lies directly against the cortex of the brain is called the

pia mater

The large spaces within the brain that are filled with cerebral spinal fluid are called

ventricles

On the surface of the cortex are bumps called __________ and depressions called sulci.

gyri

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

coordinating smooth muscle movement

What structure is highly involved in motivation and plays a significant role in addiction?

the nucleus accumbens

While lying in bed, staring at the ceiling, Max suddenly shifted his gaze to the wall to his right to see a large spider crawling quickly across. This reflexive shift in vision was part of which area of the tectum?

the superior colliculus

The __________ is in the mesencephalon that houses neurons with the neurotransmitter dopamine. Neurons from this area send projections to several areas of the brain including the striatum.

substantia nigra

The medulla oblongata is not responsible for

regulating breathing

How do the Na+ ions go from the outside (extracellular) to the inside of a neuron (intracellular) through a neuron membrane?

They move through ion channels that are specific to letting in Na+ ions

Where does an axon potential begin on an axon?

The axon initial segment (AIS)

In an action potential, there is a time when the neuron cannot send another signal. This is during the depolarization and repolarization process. This is called the

absolute refractory period

What is happening during the relative refractory period?

The membrane is hyperpolarized but could produce another action potential if the signal and depolarization are strong enough.

How does myelin around an axon affect the action potential?

Myelin increases the speed at which an action potential can travel down the axon.

Unmyelinated axons send slower signals than myelinated axons.

What requires energy in the form of ATP to function?

The sodium- potassium pump that moves Na+ out of the neuron and K+ into the neuron

Connexons make up __________ in an electrical synapse.

gap junctions

Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic vesicles in a process called __________ . The neurotransmitters then travel across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron.

exocytosis

Which type of neurotransmitter receptor affects ion channels through a second messenger system? That is, this type of receptor does not bind to ion channels directly.

metabotropic

Trey’s depression was starting to decrease as a result of his prescription of Prozac, a well- known selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Prozac is a

serotonin agonist

Which of the following would be considered an antagonist?

Dopa, which is a precursor for dopamine. Someone taking L-Dopa will show an increase in dopamine activity.

Ritalin, which is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

Naloxone, which binds to opiate receptors and blocks other chemicals from binding and activating opiate receptors.

Phenelzine, a type of MAOI that destroys enzymes that break up serotonin. In other words, it is a chemical that destroys enzymes that destroy serotonin.

Fentanyl, which binds to and activates opiate receptors.

Ritalin, which is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Which of the following is not a monoamine neurotransmitter?

GABA

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

All of the above are monoamine neurotransmitters.

GABA

The amino acid phenylalanine is the precursor for which of the following neurotransmitters?

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

All of the above are correct.

None of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used to treat all of the following except

schizophrenia

Selina is taking a course where she is learning to control her heart rate. An ECG monitors her heart rate, and when it drops slightly, a pleasant sound is made from the computer, but if her heart rate elevates, an unpleasant sound is played. Over time, Selina can lower her heart rate by five beats per minute. This is an example of

biofeedback

Having a crooked (bent) pinky is a dominant trait. Two people with crooked pinkies have a child with straight pinkies. What is the child’s possible phenotype?

straight pinkies

There are two alleles for each gene, and each allele separates when gametes (eggs and sperm) are formed. This is Gregor Mendel’s law of:

segregation

A __________ group is a type of molecule that can act as a tag to a DNA section. It can cause the DNA to be wound too tight, impeding the transcription or expression of a gene. An animal’s experience can affect these molecules and, ultimately, the expression of a gene.

methyl

Which of the following is not true about epigenetics?

Epigenetic changes can be passed from one generation to the next.

Epigenetics can influence eating disorders.

Epigenetics can influence depression.

Epigenetics can influence neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

All of the above are true about epigenetics.

All of the above are true about epigenetics

How is cell-free fetal DNA testing performed?

Blood is drawn from the mother during pregnancy

The antidepressant amitriptyline is less effective in a person with specific genes. A psychiatrist might recommend genetic testing before prescribing amitriptyline. This is an example of:

pharmacogenomics

Phil and Zach are identical twins. In his late teens, Phil develops symptoms of schizophrenia, and from past research, we know that there is a 48 percent chance that Zach will also show symptoms of schizophrenia. This is because schizophrenia has a relatively high _____compared to disorders like depression or anxiety.

concordance

It is estimated that we share about 99 percent of our DNA with a chimpanzee. What other genetic evidence is given in the textbook to support the idea of humans sharing a common ancestor with chimps?

Chimps and human have the same retrovirus DNA in their respective genomes.

reductionist approach

gaining an understanding of complex behaviors by investigating the smaller components

applied approach

research and practices focusing on how the outcomes are applied to solving a problem

basic approach

attempts to understand fundamental principles and clarify understanding without necessarily being focused on the application of the findings

holisitic

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts - looks at larger and more complex systems

4 types of neurons

multipolar

bipolar

unipolar

axoaxonic

sensory/afferent nerves

brings information from the body to the CNS

motor/efferent nerves

brings information from the CNS to the body

dorsal

toward the back or top of the brain

anterior

toward the head or face

posterior

toward the feet or back of the head

ventral

toward the belly or bottom of the brain

inferior

below

superior

above

lateral

toward the outside

medial

toward the middle

contralateral

opposite side

ipisilateral

same side

coronal cut

starts at anterior most area and each slide moves further posterior

saggital cut

one slice starts anterior and cuts posterior

slice down the longitudinal fissure

horizontal cut

starts dorsal and each cut moves ventrally

12 cranial nerves

1. olfactory nerve (s)

2. optic nerve (s)

3. oculomotor (m)

4. trochlear nerve (m)

5. trigeminal nerve (s/m)

6. abducens nerve (m)

7. facial nerve (s/m)

8. vestibulocochlear nerve (s)

9. glossopharyngeal nerve (s/m)

10. vagus nerve (s/m)

11. accessory nerve (m)

12. hyopglossal nerve (m)

5 major embryological divisions

telecephalon (cerebral cortex, gryi/sulci/fissures, corpus callosum)

dicencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

mesencephalon (tectum, tegmentum)

metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)

myelencephalon (medulla oblongata, reticular formation)

cations = __ charge

positive

anions = ___ charge

negative

deploarized

neuron becomes less polarized (closer to 0)

hyperpolarized

going beyond the resting potential (-70mv → -74mv)