English Grammar and Vocabulary Basics - Day 1

These flashcards cover English sentence structure rules, number pronunciations, mathematical operations, and the rules for singular and plural nouns based on the Day 1 lecture notes.

English Sentence Structure (SVO)

The standard word order in English consisting of Subject (S), Verb (V), Object (O), followed by Adverb (Adv), Place (P), and Time (T).

Subject (S)

The part of the sentence that indicates who or what performs the action; every English sentence (except imperatives) must have one.

Verb (V)

The word in a sentence that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being.

Object (O)

The part of the sentence that receives the action of the verb.

Adverb (Adv)

A word that describes or modifies the verb, such as 'beautifully'.

Imperative Sentences

Sentences used to give commands where no subject is used and the structure follows $V + O$, such as 'Wait for me!'.

Hidden Subject (Gizli Özne)

A concept in Turkish grammar that does not exist in English; in English, the subject must be explicitly stated (except in imperatives).

Nought

A term used to read '0' specifically in decimals, such as $0.5$ (nought dot five).

Oh

The way '0' is often pronounced when reading out telephone numbers.

Nil

A term used to express '0' when referring to equality or scores in sports ($0-0$).

Percent (%)

A term used to express portions of a hundred; for example, $30\%$ is read as 'Thirty percent'.

Plus ($+$)

The mathematical expression used for addition.

Minus ($-$)

The mathematical expression used for subtraction.

Divided by ($\div$)

The mathematical expression used for division.

Times ($\times$)

The mathematical expression used for multiplication.

Regular Plural

Nouns that form their plural by adding suffixes like $-s$, $-es$, or $-ies$ according to specific spelling rules.

Uncountable Nouns

Nouns that cannot be made plural or counted with numbers, such as salt, sugar, love, beauty, and water.

Paired Nouns

Items consisting of two parts that are always considered plural, such as 'shorts', 'pants', 'glasses', and 'scissors'.

Irregular Plural

Nouns that do not follow standard suffix rules to become plural, such as 'child/children', 'mouse/mice', and 'person/people'.

First ($1^{st}$)

The ordinal number for the quantity one.

Forty ($40$)

The cardinal number for four groups of ten, notably spelled without a 'u'.