Module 1 Foundations Review

Scientific Method

Observation

Question

Hypothesis

Experiment

Data Collection

Does the data support the hypothesis?

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

Reproduction

Metabolism

Growth + Development

Homeostasis

React to Environment

Cell(s)

Remember My Green Hat + Red Cap

Metabolism

Uses and stores energy

What is the identity of an atom?

An atom’s identity is based on the number of protons (+) in an atom

Isotope

An isotope is the same element only differing in the number of neutrons

ex: Carbon 12 and Carbon 14

How many electrons can the shell closest to the nucleus hold?

A maximum of 2

How many electrons can an outer shell hold?

A maximum of 8

What is a valence electron?

Electrons that are found in the outermost shell (valence shell) of an atom

Covalent bond

Occurs when two atoms share valence electrons to fill their valence shell.

Ionic bond

Occurs when atoms accept/giveaway electrons in order to be stable

ex: An atom has 1 valence electron and another has 7. The first needs to lose an electron and the other needs to gain one. So the first transfers a sole electron to the other.

Cation

Ion with a positive electrical charge

-meaning it lost an electron

Anion

Ion with a negative electrical charge

-meaning it gained an electron

Van der Waals Reaction

An especially weak attractive force (bond) between atoms

ex: gecko walking on wall (doesn’t take much force to knock it off)

Hydrogen Bond

Weak attraction (bond) between molecules involving hydrogen

ex: water molecules H20

Cohesion

like molecules are attracted to each other

Special property of water

Adhesion

Special property of water where a molecule is attracted to a molecule of a different type.

-the negative charges in one molecule are attracted to the positive charges in another

Mole

amount of a substance (in grams) that is numerically equivalent to the molecular weight of a substance

What is the constant number of molecules in 1 mole?

6.02×10²³ molecules (Avogadro’s Number)

What is a pH scale?

A measure of how acidic an object is

Acids? pH?

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

(pH less than 7)

Bases? pH?

Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water, and accept H+

(pH greater than 7)

Solute

What is being dissolved

Solvent

Does the dissolving

Solution

Liquid mixture where the solute is equally distributed in the solvent

What is the pH level of a solution with 10-² moles/liter?

Has a pH level of 2 making it very acidic.

What is a neutral pH level?

7 or 10^(-7) moles/liter

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

How many calories does one gram of protein produce?

4 calories per gram

Amino acids

molecules that combine to form proteins

What is the backbone of all amino acids?

Nitrogen, Carbon alpha, and Carbon beta

What creates the shape of proteins?

Negative and positive charges of amino acids repel and attract each other forming bonds that fold the string of amino acids into a 3d shape

What are the major bonds between amino acids?

Ionic bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Van der waals Attractions

(weak)

Disulfide bridge (strong)

Denaturing

Breaking the bonds between proteins (changing the shape of a protein)

Roles of Proteins

Structural (hair and nails)

Transport

Chemical reactions (enzymes)

Carbohydrates (ratio)

Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

How many calories does one gram of carbohydrate produce?

4 calories

4 kinds of carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Oligosaccharide

Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide

Simple sugar made of 1 single chain of amino acid

ex: glucose

Disaccharide

2 monosaccharide linked together

ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose

Oligosaccharide

Several monosaccharides (3 or more)

Polysaccharide

Hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides

ex: starch, chitin, cellulose

Lipids

nonpolar hydrocarbon compounds that are insoluble in water

How many calories does one gram of lipids produce?

9 calories per gram

Types of lipids

Triglycerides

Phospholipid

Steroids

Triglyceride

Simple lipid that can be solid at room temperature (fat) or liquid at room temp. (oil)

Phospholipid

lipid containing a phosphate group

Saturated Fat

fatty acid chain is completely saturated in hydrogen

-solid at room temp

Unsaturated fat

fatty acid chain with single double bond

-liquid at room temp

Phospholipid bilayer

formed when the hydrophilic phosphate containing heads of two phospholipids pack together with heads facing out

-basic structure of cell membrane

Steroids

Natural/synthetic hormone containing a hydrogenated ring system

ex: estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol

Catabolism

breaking down of a molecule

Anabolism

Building up

ex: anabolic steroids build up body mass

Nucleic Acid

macromolecule that carries genetic information

How many calories does one gram of nucleic acid produce?

Not used for metabolism

-if metabolized they would only provide around 2 calories

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

-fundamental hereditary material of all organisms

RNA

ribonucleic acid

-single strand

Nucleotide? structure?

basic chemical unit in nucleic acids

-built up of nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate

Pyrimidine base

6 membered single-ring structure

ie: cytosine, thymine, uracil

Purine

fused double ring structure

ie: adenine, guanine

Bonds between nitrogenous bases

Adenine bonds with thymine (uracil)

Guanine bonds with cytosine