Organic Chemistry

What reaction do alkanes mainly undergo?

Substitution reactions with halogens under UV light.

What are the products when alkanes undergo complete combustion?

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).

What reaction do alkenes mainly undergo?

Addition reactions.

What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?

Bromine water decolorizes (orange to colorless).

What happens when bromine water is added to an alkane?

No visible change. (Remains Orange)

How is ethanol made by fermentation?

Yeast as a catalyst ferments glucose at about 30°C in the absence of air.

How is ethanol made by the hydration of ethene?

Ethene reacts with steam at 300°C and 60 atm using phosphoric acid as a catalyst to form ethanol.

What happens when ethanol is oxidized by heating with acidified potassium manganate(VII)?

Ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid.

What are the two main ways of oxidizing ethanol?

Using acidified potassium dichromate or potassium manganate(VII).

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal?

Salt and hydrogen gas are produced.

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a base?

Salt and water are produced (neutralization).

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

Salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas are produced.

What is an esterification reaction?

Reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing an ester and water.

What are the conditions for esterification?

Heat with concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst.

What is the structure of the ester formed between ethanol and ethanoic acid?

Ethyl ethanoate (CH₃COOCH₂CH₃).

What is addition polymerization?

Joining of many unsaturated monomers (with double bonds) to form a polymer without elimination of small molecules.

What is condensation polymerization?

Joining of monomers with two functional groups, producing a polymer and eliminating small molecules like water or HCl.

How can you distinguish addition from condensation polymerization?

Addition uses monomers with C=C double bonds and no small molecules are lost; condensation involves elimination of small molecules.

What are the monomers needed to form a polyester?

Dicarboxylic acid and diol.

What are the monomers needed to form a polyamide (e.g., nylon)?

Dicarboxylic acid and diamine.

What is the byproduct of condensation polymerization forming a polyester?

Water (H₂O).

What is the byproduct of condensation polymerization forming a polyamide?

Water (H₂O).

What is the reaction between two amino acids called?

Condensation reaction forming a dipeptide and water.

What bond is formed between two amino acids?

Peptide bond.

How can proteins be broken down into amino acids?

Hydrolysis reaction using acid or enzyme catalysis.

Why do polymers have high melting points?

They have long chains with strong intermolecular forces.

What happens when an alkene reacts with hydrogen?

The alkene undergoes an addition reaction with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at about 150°C, breaking the double bond and forming a saturated alkane.