4th anatomy test

As filtrate travels through the nephron, which structure does the filtrate enter after the distal convolute tubule?

The collecting duct

Define glomerular filtration.

The initial step in urine formation; involves the glomerulus & Bowman's capsule.

Normally, excreted urine contains water, urea, glucose, proteins, and red blood cells.

False

In the nephron loop, H₂O reabsorption is due to an osmotic gradient create by electrolytes (ex. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-).

True

The extrinsic controls for regulating glomerular filtration is best define as __

Systemic regulation of filtration (example: nervous and endocrine system) that act to maintain blood pressure (MAP -mean arterial pressure)

Which of the following is a main mechanism for increasing blood pressure via NaCl retention?

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Urine empties into the renal pelvis before exiting the kidneys via the ureter.

True

Define tubular secretion.

Substances in blood are transported to the filtrate in the renal tubules or collecting ducts.

The macular densa cells sense _______ content of the filtrate via chemoreceptors.

NaCl

Blood enters the glomerulus via the _________ arteriole. Following filtration, blood exits the glomerulus via the ________ arteriole. 

Afferent; efferent 

Which of the following are the functional units of the kidneys?

Nephrons

Which of the following hormones act on the DCT and collecting ducts to promote direct H₂O reabsorption. (Hint: via aquaporins)

Anti diuretic hormone

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex contain the enzyme ____

Renin

Of the two nephron types, which one is less abundant, has vasa recta circulation around the nephron loop, and is essential for concentrating urine?

Juxtamedullary nephron

In the nephron, filtrate passes through the ________ before it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop. Most reabsorption occurs here.

Proximal convoluted tubule

The intrinsic controls for regulating glomerular filtration is best define as ___

Local, autoregulation of filtration (examples: myogenic control and/or tubuloglomerular feedback) that act to maintain constant GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

In the nephron, which of the following is NOT a structure renal tubule system?

Glomerulus

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidney?

Synthesize protein for energy use

What structural characteristic determines the filtration of solutes passing into the capsular space via filtration. 

If the solute's size is small enough, it will filter.

Define tubular reabsorption.

Substances in the filtrate are returned to the blood from the renal tubules or collecting ducts.

The correct order of flow of sperm:

seminiferous tubules . epididymis . ductus deferens . ejaculatory duct .. prostatic urethra . membranous urethra . spongy urethra 

The menstrual flow begins:

when estrogen & progesterone levels drop

Which uterine layer is shed monthly?

stratum functionalis of endometrium

Why is meiosis important?

to produce haploid gametes that are genetically diverse

Which part of the female reproductive system produces the gametes?

ovaries

which of the followings is not a gland that contributes to the production of semen?

pineal gland

In which part of the female reproductive system does fertilization occur?

fallopian tubes

Which is responsible for elevating or releasing the testes to maintain the appropriate distance from the body for temperature control:

cremaster muscle

Which describes the path of an ovum from its site of production until it is released from the body assuming pregnance does not occur.

ovary, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina

Which is responsible for keeping the urethra open during an erection:

coropora spongiosum

Which of the following glands' secretions will the sperm encounter first?

seminal vesicles

FSH in males:

stimulates production of sperm

FSH and LH are produced in the:

anterior pituitary

The corpus luteum:

degenerates if pregnancy does not occur,secretes progesterone,is formed from the empty follicle after ovulation

Which part of the female reproductive system is where the fetus implants & develops (the "womb")?

uterus

Which is true concerning spermatogenesis?

Begins at puberty; each spermatocyte that begins meiosis produces four sperm

In which location do sperm gain the ability to swim?

epididymis

Which hormone is primarily responsible for ovulation?

LH

Which uterine layer is shed monthly?

stratum functionalis of endometrium

Which describes the path of an ovum from its site of production until it is released from the body assuming pregnance does not occur.

ovary, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina

Fertilized egg stage:

Day 1,Zygote, it when sperm meets & enters egg

Solid ball of cells stage:

2nd day,4 cell stage

Hollow ball of cells stage:

Morula 3rd day

Developing baby through 8 weeks (after fertilization) stage:

limbs form, ears are noticeable, embryo

Developing baby after 9 weeks stage:

fetus,mouth and tongue is developed, major organs are developing, limbs aren’t separated

Produces Female gamete

Ovary

Produces Male gamete

Testes

Area where sperm gain ability to swim

epididymis

Area where implantation occurs and baby develops

inner lining of their uterine wall (endometrium) of uterus

Name stage of urine: Small substances move passively out of glomerular capillaries and into bowman’s capsule portion of nephron

Filtration

Name stage of urine: Substances move out of nephron renal tubules and into peritubular capillaries

Reasorption

Name stage: Substances move from peritubular capillaries and into the nephrons renal tubule

Tubular secretion

meiosis I

n=23

Somatic cells are everything except

sperm and ovalan

Somatic cells are

diploid

Gametes are

haploid

Diploid cells are

a set of chromosomes that have one from each parent

Haploid cells are

from a single set of chromosomes

Adds fluids to sperm

prostate,,seminal vesicles, & bulbourethral glands

Gametes

n=23

Mitosis

2n=46