Neuroscience Terms 2

Brain Anatomy

Frontal lobe

most anterior

executive function

Parietal

somatosensory, movement

Occipital

posterior, visual processing

temporal

lateral, auditory processing

Cerebral cortex

parietal, frontal, temporal, occcipital lobe

has two cerebral hemispheres

Basal ganglia

motor control

Basal ganglia parts

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

Parkinsons

basal ganglia neurons die

Limbic system

emotion and learning

Amygdala, Hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb

Amygdala

emotional regulatiton and odor perception

Hippocampus and fornix

learning

Cingulate gyrus

attention

Olfactory bulb

sense of smell

Forebrain

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Telencephalon

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, lymbic system

Sylvian fissure

boundary of temporal lobe

Central Sulcus

Divides frontal and parietal lobes

Diencephalon

subcortical regions of the forebrain

Thalamus, Hypothalmus

Thalamus

cluster of nuclei that relay sensory info (taste/sound signals go through here first)

Hypothalamus

contains nuclei that control autonomic and endocrine systems, controls pituitary gland

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

contains tectum and tegmentum

Tectum

contains superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

superior colliculi

visual reflexes

inferior colliculi

part of auditory system

Tegmentum

portion of reticular formation: relay station for sensory ifno

sleep, arousal, attention, movement

Hindbrain

Midbrain

contains metencephalon and myencephalon

Metencephalon

contains cerebellum and pons

Cerebellum

coordinated movements and certain sensory info processing (auditory, visual, vestibular)

Pons

sleep, arousal, dreaming

Myencephalon

Medulla oblangata

Medulla oblangata

contains part of reticular formation, regulates cardiovascular function, respiration, muscle tone

Sagittal plane

Bisect brain into right and left

Coronal Plane

Divide brain into front and back

Horizontal Plane

Divides brain into upper and lower

Medial

middle

lateral

side

anterior

front

rostral

front

posterior

back

caudal

back

dorsal

up

superior

up

ventral

down

inferior

down

Ipsilateral

left controls left/same side organization

Contralateral

opposite side organization

Unilateral

one side (brocas= unilateral)

Bilateral

two sides

Neuroaxis

core axis of brains, all directions in relation to this

Meninges

contains dura mater, pia mater, arranchoid membrane

protect foreign entities from enetering brain and physical trauma

dura mater

tough outermost layer

Pia mater

delicate innermost layer

arachnoid membraine

lies between mater, filled with CSF

CSF Ventricles

2 lateral, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

interconnected and filled for outward pressure/buoyancy

choiroid plexus

group of cell in lateral ventricles

produces CSF

function of CSF

buoyancy

clear waste from brain (broken down by microglia and washed away by CSF, excreted through urination)

cerebral arteries

supplies brain with blood

blood vessesl bypass meninges

blood brain barrier

capillaries whose walls are resistant to passage of larger molecules

astrocytes

only lipid soluble can pass through with active transport

Double edged sword of barrier

some medication cannot. enter brain

(bipolar and parkinsons)