AP Statistics Course Framework - Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering statistical practices, summary statistics, graphical representations, z-scores, study types, and sampling methods based on the AP Statistics course framework.

The range is calculated as the difference between the __________ data value and the minimum data value.

maximum

Approximately __________% of the values in a data set are less than or equal to the first quartile, denoted by Q1.

25%

The standard deviation is described as a __________ deviation of the data values from their mean.

typical

The __________ is the difference between the third and first quartiles: $Q3 - Q1$.

interquartile range (IQR)

The sample variance is defined as the __________ of the sample standard deviation, denoted by $s^2$.

square

The __________ percentile is the value that has $p\%$ of the data less than or equal to it when the data set is ordered.

pth

One common method for determining a potential outlier is a value located more than __________ above the third quartile.

$$1.5 \times IQR$$

Measures of center and variability that are not greatly affected by outliers are known as __________ or robust measures.

resistant

Because outliers can affect their values greatly, the __________ and standard deviation are considered nonresistant measures of variability.

range

A __________-number summary consists of the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum data values.

five

In a boxplot, if there are no outliers, the lines known as __________ represent 25% of the data and extend to the minimum and maximum.

whiskers

If a distribution is __________, then the values of the mean and median are relatively close to each other.

relatively symmetric

If a distribution is skewed right, then the value of the mean is usually __________ than the median.

larger

A __________ score measures the number of standard deviations a data value falls above or below the mean.

standardized

The formula for a z-score is $z = \frac{x_i - \mu}{\sigma}$, where $\sigma$ represents the __________ standard deviation.

population

A __________ consists of recording information from all items or individuals in a population.

census

An __________ is a study in which a researcher assigns conditions, or treatments, to experimental units.

experiment

The __________ is the observational unit to which a treatment is assigned in an experiment.

experimental unit

An explanatory variable, also known as a __________, is a variable whose different levels are imposed on experimental units.

factor

A __________ variable is an outcome measured on each experimental unit after the treatment has been administered.

response

In an __________, treatments are not imposed; the researcher simply records values of variables of interest.

observational study

A __________ study is one in which the observational units are selected at a point in time, and data are gathered from the past.

retrospective

A __________ variable is associated with both the explanatory and response variables and provides an alternative explanation for the observed relationship.

confounding

A sample is considered __________ when all observational units are selected from the population using a random mechanism.

random

When units in a sample are randomly selected from a population, it is appropriate to make __________ about the entire population.

generalizations

Sampling __________ replacement is a strategy in which an observational unit from a population can be selected only once.

without

In a __________ random sample of size $n$, every sample of the size $n$ has the same chance of being selected.

simple

A __________ random sample involves dividing the population into non-overlapping groups called strata based on shared characteristics.

stratified

In a __________ random sample, the population is divided into smaller groups that ideally mirror the heterogeneity of the population.

cluster

A __________ random sample selects members according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval.

systematic

The first component of an investigative question should be phrased in terms of the __________ of interest in the study.

variable(s)

In a hypothesis test, the investigative question should clearly state the parameter and the direction of the __________ hypothesis.

alternative

If a distribution is skewed __________, then the value of the mean is usually smaller than the median.

left

The third quartile (Q3) is also known as the __________ percentile.

75th

A survey is an observational study in which data are collected from __________ using a standard set of questions.

humans