WGU D322 - Introduction to IT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY ULTIMATE EXAM 2026-2027 Questions and answers with 100% accuracy(A+ Graded)

System Administrator

A person who is responsible for providing technical support for hardware and software issues end users encounter, such as log-in issues.

Network Administrator

A person who is responsible for designing, planning, setting up, and maintaining an organization's network.

Database administrator

A person who is responsible for installing and configuring databases. This position also fixes database errors and creates user accounts.

Security Administrator

A person who is responsible for installing, administrating, and troubleshooting network security issues.

Web Administrator

A person who is responsible for troubleshooting error messages employees encounter when attempting to access their organization's website. Also, responsible for tracking, compiling, and analyzing website usage data.

Cloud Architect

A person who is responsible for overseeing a company's cloud computing systems. Strong understanding of operating systems such as LINUX, UNIX, and Windows is required.

Network Architect

A person who is responsible for designing networks and monitoring traffic. This position is responsible for installing routers and modems and upgrading hardware and software that are essential for the network to function properly.

Automation Architect

A person who is responsible for modernizing business processes and developing reasons or rationales for or against a process being automated.

Cyber Architect

A person who is responsible for designing, building, testing, and implementing security systems within an organization's information technology network. An individual within this position requires a thorough understanding of an organization's IT systems to anticipate possible network security breaches.

Machine Learning Engineer

A person who is responsible for allowing an organization to take full control of its data.

Software Engineer

A person who is responsible for designing and developing software that makes hardware and software systems work, including operating systems, database systems, and embedded systems.

Network Engineer

A person who is responsible for setup, configure, maintain, and upgrade system where data resides that support the exchange of information, including communication systems and networks.

Cloud Engineer

These individuals design and set up automation, cloud storage, data centers, virtual servers, and web services with an emphasis on a particular solution's cost benefits to users, and security of data processing.

Technical Support

Supports, monitors, and maintains workplace technology and responds to user requests for help.

Systems Analyst

Investigate business problems and create information systems to provide solutions. It requires both business and technical knowledge and rely on effective communication to understand client's requirements.

Data Analyst

Who uses statistical and other quantitative methods to gain insights that support the organization's decision making.

Security Analyst

A person who is responsible for monitoring an organization's network for security breaches.

Cybersecurity Specialist

Works with organizations to keep their information systems secure and ensure integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data.

Technical Consultant

Provides technical expertise by developing and implementing IT systems for external clients.

Web Developer

Builds and maintains websites and their infrastructure. Need to understand client-side, server-side, and database web technologies.

Software Tester

A person who is responsible for creating, documenting, and executing manually created test plans and procedures relating to system anomalies.

Technical Sales

IT professionals in the role of sales or account managers identify and help clients adopt IT services or techniques.

Data Pyramid

It is a concept that visualizes the data-information-knowledge-wisdom hierarchy.

Information

A collection of data from a variety of sources. Data is continually aggregating and is not useful until it has been processed and is presented in a usable form. Information can be unstructured or structured, and the key term associated with it is meaning

Data

Includes raw facts or observations.

Knowledge

It is hard to define. It is a dynamic combination of experience, values, and contextual information. The key term associated with knowledge is "context"

Wisdom

it is knowing the right thing to do.

IPOS (Input-Process-Output-Storage)

The IPOS model explains what computer systems are used for. They take input, process it, and provide an output while using storage to keep intermediate and final results of the transformation of data. Individual hardware components support the function of computer systems.

Three basic computer components

CPU, storage, and peripheral devices

CPU (Contract Processing Unit)

The CPU supports data processing. The CPU is the electronic circuit responsible for executing computer program introductions.

Computer Memory

Stores ephemeral programs and data in use temporarily for quick access and primarily store it in RAM (Random Access Memory)

Peripheral Devices

It supports the input and output operations of the system.

Three parts of CPU

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), Control Unit, and Processor Register

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

It contains circuitry that performs on data. Such as addition and subtraction

Control Unit

It contains circuitry coordinating the machine's activities

Processor Register

It contains data storage cells called registers

Registers

They serve as temporary holding places for data being manipulated by the CPU. It holds the inputs to the ALU and stores the results.

Memory Address Register (MAR)

Holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed.

Memory Data Register (MDR)

Holds data that is being transferred to or from memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Sometime referred to as primary or main memory. When the computer is off the data will be lost.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

A component that stores instructions for crucial system activities, including booting up the systems and initializing different computer components.

Bus (or Bus Lines)

The wires that serve as electrical roadways, transmitting information between CPU and other components.

Three types of Bus

Address bus, data bus, and control bus

Address Bus

Carries the destination address of the data is assigned to be processed.

Data Bus

Carries data between the processor, the memory unit, and the input/output devices.

Control Bus

Carries control signals/commands from the CPU. Controls and coordinates all activities within the computer system

System Unit

also known as a tower or chassis, encases various components (CPU, RAM, power supply, etc.)

Mother board

Main circuit board for the computer containing bother soldered components that cannot removed and sockets or slots for components can be removed.

System Clock

It sends out a pulse of electricity at regular intervals. The more pulses sent out, the faster the computer.

Expansion slots

a place in a computer where an expansion card can be inserted.

Ports

Allow cables to be plugged in without opening the system unit. e.g., parallel, serial, and USB (Universal Serial Bus).

Secondary Storage

Hold data and information permanently. The Saved content remains on even when the computer is powered down.

Input Device

The device that translates data into a form that the computer can understand,

Output Device

The device that translates information into a form that humans can understand.

Communication Devices

Allow a computer to send and receive data and from other computers.

Supercomputer

the biggest and fastest computers, designed to process huge amounts of data. It is particularly useful in scientific and engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research.

Mainframe Computer

designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. They also support multiple programs at the same time, making them useful to big organizations that manage and process high volumes of data.

Workstation

a single-user computer designed for technical or scientific applications. It has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of RAM, and high-speed graphics cards. It generally performs a specific job with great expertise. Graphics, music, and engineering design departments often use this type of system.

microcomputer

more commonly known as a personal computer. It is a general-purpose computer for individual use. It has a memory, storage, input and output units, and a microprocessor as a central processing unit. Desktops, laptops, and handheld or mobile devices are all microcomputers.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

A small network consisting of personal devices at close range; the devices can include cell phones, PDAs, and notebook computers.

LAN (Local Area Network)

A network consists of a collection of computers in a single building or building complex. For example, the computers in a manufacturing building may be connected via a LAN.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

WANs link systems over a greater distance, including machines on the opposite sides of the world.

Four common network topologies

Bus, star, ring, and mesh

Bus network

The machines are connected to a common communication line called a bus. (Connecting several computers in a straight line.)

Star network

Various computers connected in the middle by a router

Ring network

Computers are arranged in a circle with each one connecting to the computers on either side. Unlike the star diagram, there is no device in the middle to which they connect. (Connect directly to each other as a peer).

Mesh network

connects every device in a network to every other device; mesh networks enable redundancy while also introducing significantly more network traffic.

Client/Server network

The basic roles played by the processes are categorized as either a client making requests or a server satisfying client requests.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

the basis of file-sharing services, a computer communications model and network whose computers are considered equal peers who can send, store, and receive information equally well

Distributed Systems

Interactions between computers via networks have become commonplace and multifaceted. Many modern systems, such as global information retrieval systems or computer games, are designed as distributed systems. Distributed systems execute software as processes on more than one computer.

Clustering computing

Use many independent computers to provide computations or services comparable to those of a larger machine. The cost of several individual machines can be less than a higher-priced supercomputer, with comparable performance.

Grid computing

Typically includes specialized software to make it easier to distribute the workload and data among the machines in the grid.

Cloud computing

Provides large pools of shared computers that can be allocated to clients as needed. Services such as Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud allow clients to rent virtual computers by the hour no matter where the associated computer hardware is located.

IPv4

32bit address pattern (e.g., 192.207.177.103)

IPv6

128bit address pattern (e.g., 2001:DB8:12:34::1111)

ICANN (International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

A non-profit organization that coordinates the internet's operations

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

A communications protocol that enables sending email from a client to a server or between servers.

POP (Post Office Protocol)

an email protocol that stores and downloads messages to a client

IMAP (internet mail access protocol)

A more recent and advanced electronic email system for incoming mail.

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

protocol that transmits phone calls over the same data lines and networks that make up the Internet; also called Internet telephony

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

links documents, allowing users to move from one to another simply by clicking on a hot spot or link

Web Server

A computer that runs special software to serve up Web content by responding to requests.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

A location or address identifying where documents can be found on the Internet, a Web address

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

The standard coding language used to construct World Wide Web documents.

Malware

Malicious software is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network.

Virus

A software program that infects a computer by inserting itself into programs that already reside in the machine. When the "host" program is executed, the virus is also executed, possibly performing degradations of portions of the operating system, erasing large amounts of data, or corrupting data and other programs.

Worm

An autonomous program that forwards copies of itself other machine in a network and cloud results in detriment of individual machines or the operations of the network.

Spyware

Resides on a computer, collecting information about the computer's activities and reporting back to the spyware's instigator. Passwords or credit card numbers can be exposed via spyware.

Phishing

Technique used to obtain private information by simply asking for it. The perpetrator sends emails posing as a legitimate business asking for information.

DoS (denial of service) attack

the process of overloading a computer with messages and results in suffocating the network resources.

Packet Sniffing Attack

An attack on wireless networks where an

attacker captures data and registers data flows in order to analyze what data is contained in a packet.

Brute force attack

The attacker uses all possible combinations of characters to learn a user's password.

Dictionary Attack

Performed by the attacker by using an application and a large dictionary text file with just words. When the attacker runs the application, it tries identifying the password by trying hundreds or thousands of words per minute from that dictionary file.

Firewall

Block outgoing messages with certain destination addresses or block incoming messages from untrustworthy sources.

Proxy Server

a software that acts as an intermediary between a client and a server to shield the client from adverse actions of the server.

System software

General-purpose software that is used to operate computer hardware. It provides a platform to run application software.

Application Software

Specific-purpose software used to perform a specific task.

OS (Operating System)

It controls the overall operation of a computer. It provides the ability for a user to store and retrieve files, facilitates a user interface to request the execution of programs, and maintains the environment necessary to execute programs.

Two types of Operating System

Network operating system or Desktop operating system