BIOL 1107 Exam 1

Biology

The study of life

Biologists

Investigate life at different levels of organization

Characteristics of Life

order

Individuals or Population Characteristics of Life

Population: Reproduction/ Evolution Individual: Order/ Response to enviorment/ Adaption/ Development/ Regulation/ Homeostasis/ Energy processing

Bonds in water molecules

Polar Covalent

Bonds between water molecules

Hydrogen bonding

Particles that water can interact with

Charged Polar molecules

Importance of water

Functions and transportation of the molecules of life are in part determined by their ability or inablity to be soluble in water

Molecules of Life

Carbohydrates

Polymerization

bonding of monomers (one part) to make polymers (many parts) for every molecule of life except of lipids

Dehydration reaction

forming

Hydrolysis reaction

breaking

Hydrophilic

Loves water

Hydrophobic

Hates water

Sphere of Hydration

Surrounding a molecule with water

Solvent

A substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds

Dissociation

When atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions

Amino Acids

monomers that bond to form polymers called polypeptides by bonds that are called peptides

Amino Acid Structure

Amino group Carboxyl group R group (different for each one) -if R group has a charge or oxygen then it can be hydrophilic

Primary Structure for Amino Acid

the sequence of amino acids that is unique to each polypep- tide

Secondary Structure for Amino Acid

caused by Hydrogen bonds among amino acids - alpha (helix) - beta (sheet)

Tertiary Structure for Amino Acid

caused by many bonds and interactions involving the R- groups

Quaternary Structure for Amino Acid

a protein only has quaternary structure if it is composed of two or more polypeptides; structure is hierarchical.

Protein functions

Learn them

Denaturation

a process by which proteins lose their structure due to the disruption of bonds and interactions. affected by changes in temperature

Carbohydrates monomers

monosaccharides

Multiple Carbohydrates polymers

polysaccharides

Two Carbohydrate monomers

disaccharides

What effects the functions of polysaccharides

orientation of bonds

Types of Glycosidic bonds

a- energy storage- starch and glycogen

Functions of Carbohydrates

Energy: glucose

Nucleic Acids monomers

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Structure

Phosphate group Monosaccharide with 5 carbons Nitrogenous base

Monosaccharides in Nucleic Acid

RNA- ribose (OH-

Bond between Nucleotides

Phosphodiester

Primary Structure for Nucleotides

Is the sequence of nucleotides

Secondary structure for Nucleotides

Is created when nitrogenous bases of antiparallel strands form hydrogen bonds

DNA

stores information like code for RNA and protein

RNA

is involved with protein synthesis (mRNA

Lipids

a group of organic molecules that share solubility properties. Only molecules of life that are not defined by their structure. mostly C-H (nonpolar) so they are hydrophobic but they ARE soluble in certain organic solvents that are nonpolar or weakly polar.

Fats

(triglyceride) lipids composed of glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids.

Phospholipids

lipids composed of glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group (negatively charged) plus a polar or charged group Head region (polar/charged group + phosphate + glycerol) is hydrophilic and tail region (fatty acids) is hydrophobic spontaneously form bilayers in water (no energy is required). "selectively permeable"

Steroids

lipids composed of 4 carbon rings bonded to groups that vary by steroid

Lipid functions

Insulation (fats)

Saturated Lipid

has no double bonds

Unsaturated Lipids

has one or more double bonds. This will cause a kink. 1 double bond = monoun- saturated

Long hydrogen chains

stiffen

Cis configuration

hydrogen bonds on same sides

Trans configuration

hydrogen bonds on different sides

Permeability

refers to the ability of a barrier to allow substances to pass through it. Polarity and size affect whether a substance can pass through the bilayer or not. Only nonpolar and small molecules can pass through.