Overview of Cardiovascular System Practice Exam

An 80-card fill-in-the-blank review focused on the overview of the cardiovascular system, heart anatomy, cardiac actions, and vascular structures based on Chapter 86.

The cardiovascular system is a __________ system through which blood flows throughout the body.

closed

The heart is situated in between two lungs in the __________.

mediastinum

Heart is made up of four chambers, two __________ and two ventricles.

atria

The right atrium has a pacemaker known as the __________ node.

sinoatrial

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood via the superior vena cava and the __________.

inferior vena cava

The __________ vena cava returns venous blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs.

superior

The right atrium communicates with the right ventricle through the __________ valve.

tricuspid

From the right ventricle, the __________ artery arises to carry blood to the lungs.

pulmonary

In the lungs, __________ blood is oxygenated.

deoxygenated

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through __________ veins.

pulmonary

Blood from the left atrium enters the left ventricle through the __________ valve.

mitral

The mitral valve is also known as the __________ valve.

bicuspid

The wall of the __________ ventricle is very thick because it pumps blood to the systemic aorta.

left

The right and left atria are separated by the fibrous __________ septum.

interatrial

The right and left ventricles are separated by the __________ septum.

interventricular

The __________ part of the interventricular septum is muscular in nature.

lower

The upper part of the interventricular septum is a __________ structure.

membranous

The heart is made up of three layers: outer pericardium, middle myocardium, and inner __________.

endocardium

The pericardium is made up of the outer parietal pericardium and the inner __________ pericardium.

visceral

The space between the two layers of the pericardium is called the __________ cavity.

pericardial

The outer parietal pericardium is made up of the outer fibrous layer and the inner __________ layer.

serous

The __________ layer of the parietal pericardium protects the heart from overstretching.

fibrous

The serous layer of the parietal pericardium is formed by __________, containing squamous epithelial cells.

mesothelium

The total volume of pericardial fluid is about __________ to __________ mL.

$25$ to $35$

The inner visceral pericardium is also known as the __________.

epicardium

The __________ is the middle layer of the heart wall formed by cardiac muscle fibers.

myocardium

Unlike skeletal muscle, __________ muscle fibers are involuntary in nature.

cardiac

Cardiac muscle fibers are bound by __________, and myofibrils are embedded in the sarcoplasm.

sarcolemma

A(n) __________ is a tough double membranous structure situated at the junction between cardiac muscle branches.

intercalated disk

Intercalated disks form __________ junctions, allowing cardiac muscle to contract as a single unit.

adherens

At the sides of cardiac muscle fibers, membranes fuse to form __________ junctions permeable to ions.

gap

Because all cardiac muscle fibers act like a single unit, it is referred to as a(n) __________.

syncytium

The atrial and ventricular syncytia are connected by a nonconducting fibrous ring called the __________ ring.

atrioventricular

The pacemaker of the heart is formed by specialized pacemaker cells called __________ cells.

P

The __________ is the innermost layer of the heart wall, formed by a single layer of endothelial cells.

endocardium

The __________ atrioventricular valve is also known as the tricuspid valve.

right

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves are attached to __________ muscles via chordae tendineae.

papillary

The atrioventricular valves are attached to papillary muscles by means of __________ __________.

chordae tendineae

The __________ valves are placed at the opening of the systemic aorta and pulmonary artery.

semilunar

The semilunar valve at the opening of the systemic aorta is called the __________ valve.

aortic

The semilunar valve at the opening of the pulmonary artery is the __________ valve.

pulmonary

Semilunar valves are made up of __________ flaps.

three

__________ action refers to the frequency of heartbeat or heart rate.

Chronotropic

An increase in heart rate is known as __________.

tachycardia

A decrease in heart rate is known as __________.

bradycardia

__________ action refers to the force of contraction of the heart.

Inotropic

__________ action refers to the velocity of conduction of impulses through the heart.

Dromotropic

__________ action refers to the excitability of cardiac muscle.

Bathmotropic

__________ action refers to the ability of cardiac muscle to relax after contraction.

Lusitropic

The arterial system includes the aorta, arteries, and __________.

arterioles

The venous system includes venules, veins, and __________ __________.

venae cavae

A(n) __________ artery is one that does not join with other vessels and is the sole supply to an organ part.

end

Examples of functional terminal arteries are found in the __________ and kidney.

spleen

The term __________ refers to the connection between two vessels such as an artery and a vein.

anastomosis

__________ circulation is alternate circulation through minute vessels when a major vessel is obstructed.

Collateral

The outer layer of the wall of the aorta and arteries is the tunica __________.

adventitia

The middle layer of the wall of the aorta and arteries is the tunica __________.

media

The inner layer of the wall of the aorta and arteries is the tunica __________.

intima

The __________ elastic lamina is located between the tunica adventitia and tunica media.

external

The __________ elastic lamina is located between the tunica media and tunica intima.

internal

The aorta has a maximum diameter of about __________ mm.

$$25$$

Arterioles have a diameter of approximately __________ µ.

$$30$$

Arterioles are called __________ vessels because they offer resistance to blood flow.

resistant

Capillaries are small, thin-walled vessels with a diameter of about __________ to __________ µ.

$5$ to $8$

Venules have a diameter of about __________ µ.

$$20$$

Venules are called __________ vessels because they hold a large quantity of blood.

capacitance

Superior and inferior venae cavae have a diameter of about __________ mm.

$$30$$

__________ is characterized by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the wall of an artery.

Arteriosclerosis

__________ is a disease characterized by narrowing of an artery due to deposition of cholesterol.

Atheosclerosis

When the tone of smooth muscles in arterioles increases, __________ occurs.

hypertension

Inflammation of the wall of veins leads to an intravascular clot called __________.

thrombosis

A traveling clot that causes obstruction in blood flow to vital organs is called a(n) __________.

embolism

A(n) __________ is the abnormal dilation or bulging of a blood vessel caused by wall weakening.

aneurysm

Internal hemorrhage may occur if a(n) __________ leaks or ruptures.

aneurysm

Systemic circulation is otherwise known as __________ circulation.

greater

In systemic circulation, blood pumped from the __________ ventricle reaches the tissues.

left

Pulmonary circulation is otherwise called __________ circulation.

lesser

In pulmonary circulation, blood is pumped from the __________ ventricle to the lungs.

right

Left side of the heart contains oxygenated or __________ blood.

arterial

Right side of the heart contains deoxygenated or __________ blood.

venous